Clases de tamaño, grupos quimiotaxonómicos y propiedades bio-ópticas del fitoplancton a lo largo de un transecto desde el mar Mediterráneo al SO del océano Atlántico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04866.10APalabras clave:
quimiotaxonomía, CHEMTAX, fraccionamiento por tamaños, bio-óptica, océano Atlántico, materia orgánica disuelta coloreadaResumen
Durante la campaña TransPEGASO, realizada a lo largo de un transecto a través del Océano Atlántico que cubrió siete provincias biogeográficas, desde el mar de Alborán (Mediterráneo SO) hasta la Plataforma Patagónica, se estudiaron las relaciones entre la estructura de la comunidad fitoplanctónica y las propiedades bio-ópticas del agua. La composición del fitoplancton en muestras de agua entera y de dos fracciones de tamaño (< 3 y ≥ 3 μm) obtenidas por filtración se caracterizó por medio de análisis de pigmentos por HPLC (de high-performance liquid chromatography), seguido de la aplicación del algoritmo CHEMTAX. Además, se llevaron a cabo determinaciones de citometría de flujo y observaciones microscópicas, y el estudio se complementó con mediciones de absorción de material particulado y materia orgánica disuelta coloreada (CDOM, de coloured dissolved organic matter). La distribución de la clorofila a (Chl a) entre las diversas clases de tamaño obtenidas mediante filtración fraccionada (SFF, de size-fractionated filtration) se comparó con las distribuciones derivadas de los algoritmos desarrollados por Vidussi et al. (2001) y Uitz et al. (2006) (VU), y por Hirata et al. (2011) (HI). Las siete provincias atravesadas por el transecto podían clasificarse en un grupo oligotrófico, con Chl a < 0.25 mg m-3, que comprende el Atlántico tropical y subtropical (incluida la provincia costera de Canarias) y un grupo eutrófico (Chl a > 0.5 mg m-3) con una sola muestra mediterránea (MEDI) y las de la plataforma patagónica, en el sudoeste del Atlántico (SWAS). Según CHEMTAX, los taxones más importantes en el Atlántico tropical y subtropical fueron Prochlorococcus, haptofitos y Synechoccoccus, mientras que las provincias MEDI y SWAS estuvieron dominadas por diatomeas y haptofitos. Tanto los algoritmos VU como los HI, que se basan en la composición de pigmentos o en la concentración de Chl a, predijeron para SWAS una alta proporción de nano y microfitoplancton, mientras que la SFF indicó un dominio de la clase de tamaño < 3 μm. Por otra parte, los resultados de CHEMTAX indicaron que, en promedio, la contribución de las diatomeas era importante en esta provincia. Sin embargo, en varias estaciones de SWAS para las que CHEMTAX estimaba una elevada contribución de diatomeas, las observaciones microscópicas encontraron solamente escasas concentraciones de células de diatomeas de tamaño nano- o microplanctónico. Esta discrepancia parece deberse a la presencia, confirmada por microscopía electrónica de barrido, de pequeñas células (< 3 μm) de la diatomea Minidiscus sp. y de Parmales (un grupo que comparte la composición pigmentaria con las diatomeas). Estos hallazgos advierten contra una asignación rutinaria de los pigmentos de las diatomeas a la clase de tamaño de microplancton. La absorción total (sin contar la propia del agua) en la columna de agua estuvo dominada por CDOM. En promedio, la contribución de la absorción de fitoplancton para las diferentes provincias osciló de 19.3% en MEDI a 45.7% en SWAS y 47% en la provincia del Atlántico Tropical Occidental (WTRA). La absorción del fitoplancton por unidad de Chl a [aph*(443), m2 mg-1] fue menor en MEDI y SWAS que en las provincias oligotróficas. aph*(443) se correlacionó negativamente con el primer componente derivado de un análisis de los componentes principales basado en la concentración de los pigmentos más importantes y no se correlacionó con indicadores de la estructura de tamaños de la comunidad fitoplanctónica tales como la proporción de Chl a en la clase < 3 μm o un índice de tamaño (SI) derivado de la distribución de clases de tamaño obtenida mediante el algoritmo VU. Estas observaciones indican que la variabilidad observada en aph*(443) se relacionaba principalmente con diferencias en la composición pigmentaria y posiblemente también con procesos de fotoaclimatación del fitoplancton, y que cualquier efecto de empaquetamiento debido al tamaño de las células quedaba probablemente enmascarado por otros factores. Este último resultado puede estar relacionado con una influencia relativamente pequeña del tamaño dentro del estrecho rango de concentraciones de Chl a considerado en nuestro estudio (todas eran ≤2.4 mg m-3).
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