Análisis del grado de perturbación ocasionado por la pesca de arrastre considerando comunidades bentónicas de caladeros fuertemente explotados en áreas protegidas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2011.75n3507Palabras clave:
bentos, composición de la comunidad, gestión ecosistémica, pesca, reservas marinas, mar MediterráneoResumen
El presente estudio se centra en 4 áreas del noroeste mediterráneo para investigar la respuesta de la fauna bentónica considerando un gradiente de niveles de impacto provocado por la pesca de arrastre. Un área se sitúa en un caladero fuertemente explotado. La segunda se halla en el interior del caladero pero no ha sido explotada en 20 años. La tercera está situada en una zona adyacente a un área marina protegida sujeta ocasionalmente a la pesca de arrastre. Finalmente, la cuarta se sitúa en el interior del área marina protegida donde la pesca de arrastre está prohibida hace treinta años. Mediante las marcas de arrastre del fondo obtenidas con el sónar de barrido lateral se pueden confirmar los gradientes de intensidad de pesca de arrastre. Se analiza la respuesta observada de la fauna bentónica a la pesca de arrastre a mesoescala de un calador de pesca, comparando los patrones de abundancia, biomasa, diversidad y estructura de la comunidad de la epifauna y la infauna, comparándola con respuestas ya predichas en previos estudios. En general, los resultados mostraron que las comunidades menos impactadas por el arrastre están constituidas por comunidades más estructuradas (por ejemplo, más abundancia de filtradores suspensívoros sésiles en las zonas menos perturbadas frente una mayor dominancia de pequeños invertebrados en las zonas perturbadas). Al mismo tiempo, estos resultados confirman los beneficios de restringir las actividades de pesca de arrastre para las comunidades bentónicas, siendo las reservas marinas el paradigma para la conservación de los caladeros de pesca.
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