Estructura morfológica y variación topográfica del contenido lipídico en la grasa del delfín listado
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04093.25APalabras clave:
Stenella coeruleoalba, cetáceos, adipocitos, histología, estratificación, contenido lipídicoResumen
En el presente estudio se investigaron los patrones de estratificación así como las variaciones topográficas en la grasa del delfín listado (Stenella coeruleoalba) con el fin de conocer mejor las posibles funciones regionales de este tejido. Se recolectaron muestras de grasa en 11 posiciones corporales diferentes de 10 delfines listados (5 hembras y 5 machos) varados en la costa este de España entre los años 2007 y 2009. Las medidas histológicas (número de adipocitos y área de los mismos) y el contenido lipídico se analizaron en cada una de las posiciones. Las medidas histológicas mostraron que la grasa se estratificaba en 3 capas: externa, media e interna. Tanto el número de adipocitos como su área eran mayores en la capa media. El número de adipocitos era superior en la capa externa que en la interna, mientras que el área de los adipocitos era mayor en la capa interna que en la externa. Sin embargo, la región ventral anterior no seguía este patrón, probablemente esto sea debido a que esta región se encuentra muy próxima a la grasa acústica, que es conocida por presentar una composición bioquímica diferente al resto de grasa corporal. La estratificación morfológica observada en la grasa probablemente esté reflejando una diferenciación funcional. La capa más externa podría dar soporte estructural y actuar como barrera mecánica, con un papel menos importante como almacén de reservas energéticas. La capa media podría ser responsable de la termorregulación, mientras que en la capa interna se produciría la movilización energética, lo cual se vería favorecido por su elevada vascularización y por estar en contacto con el interior del cuerpo. Además, se observó que tanto el número de adipocitos como el contenido lipídico seguían un gradiente creciente desde las posiciones dorsales a las ventrales, a excepción de la región caudal. Aunque tanto la grasa de la región dorsal como la de la ventral pueden presentar funciones de flotabilidad y aislamiento térmico, la grasa de la región ventral podría estar actuando principalmente como región de reserva energética.
Descargas
Citas
Ackman R.G., Eaton C.A., Litchfield C. 1971. Composition of wax esters, triglycerides and diacyl glyceryl ethers in the jaw and blubber fats of the Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis). Lipids 6: 69-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02531319 PMid:5548640
Ackman R.G., Hingley J.H., Eaton C.A., et al. 1975. Blubber fat deposition in mysticeti whales. Can. J. Zool. 53: 1332-1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z75-158 PMid:1203816
Aguilar A., Borrell A. 1990. Patterns of lipid content and stratification in the blubber of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). J. Mamm. 7: 544-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381793
Aguilar A., Borrell A. 1994. Assessment of organochlorine pollutants in cetaceans by means of skin and hypodermic biopsies. In: Fossi M.C., Leoncio C. (eds), Non-destructive biomarkers in vertebrates. Lewis Publishers, Florida, pp. 245-267.
Bagge L.E., Koopman H.N., Rommel S.A., et al. 2012. Lipid class and depth-specific thermal properties in the blubber of the short-finned pilot whale and the pygmy sperm whale. J. Exp. Biol. 215: 4330-4339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.071530 PMid:22972895
Budget S.M., Springer A.M., Iverson S.J., et al. 2008. Blubber fatty acid composition of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus: Implications for diet assessment and ecosystem monitoring. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 359: 40-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.02.014
Calambokidis J. 1986. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in harbour porpoise from Washington, Oregon, and California: Regional differences in pollutant ratios. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Center Administrative Report LJ-86-35C.
Castellini M. 2009. Thermoregulation. In: Perrin W.F., Wu.rsig B., Thewissen J.G.M. (eds), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1166-1171.
Chen H.C., Farese R.V. 2002. Determination of adipocyte size by computer image analysis. J. Lipid Res. 43: 986-989. PMid:12032175
Cox T.M., Read A.J., Barco S., et al. 1998. Documenting the bycatch of harbor porpoises, Phocoena phocoena in coastal gillnet fisheries from stranded carcasses. Fish Bull. 96: 727-734.
Cranford T.W., Amundin M., Norris K.S. 1996. Functional morphology and homology in the odontocete nasal complex: implications for sound generation. J. Morph. 228: 223-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199606)228:3<223::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-3
Dearolf J.L., McLellan W.A., Dillaman R.M., et al. 2000. Precocial development of axial locomotor muscle in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J. Morphol. 244: 203-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(200006)244:3<203::AID-JMOR5>3.0.CO;2-V
Dunkin R.C., McLellan W.A., Blum J.E., et al. 2005. The ontogenetic changes in the thermal properties of blubber from Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus. J. Exp. Biol. 208: 1469-1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01559 PMid:15802671
Dunkin R.C., McLellan W.A., Blum J.E., et al. 2010. The buoyancy of the integument of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): effects of growth, reproduction, and nutritional state. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 26: 573-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00353.x
Evans K., Hindell M.A., Thiele D. 2003. Body fat and condition in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, from southern Australian waters. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 134: 847-862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00045-X
Fish F.E. 2000. Biomechanics and energetics in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals: platypus to whale. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73:683-698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/318108 PMid:11121343
Geraci J.R. and Lounsbury V.J. 1993. Marine mammals ashore: a field guide for strandings. Texas A&M University Sea Grant Publication TAMU-SG-93-601, pp. 620.
Hamilton J.L., Dillaman R.M., McLellan W.A., et al. 2004. Structural Fiber Reinforcement of Keel Blubber in Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). J. Morphol. 261: 105-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10232 PMid:15164371
Herman D.P., Burrows D.G., Wade P.R., et al. 2003. Feeding ecology of eastern North Pacific killer hales Orcinus orca from fatty acid, stable isotope, and organochlorine analyses of blubber biopsies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 302: 275-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps302275
Ishaq R., Karlson K., Näf C. 2000. Tissue distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and non-ortho chlorinated byphenyls (non-ortho CBs) in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from Swedish waters. Chemosphere 41: 1913-1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00059-X
Iverson S. 2009. Blubber. In: Perrin W.F., Wu.rsig B., Thewissen J.G.M. (eds), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 107-415.
Kipps E.K., McLellan W.A., Rommel S.A., et al. 2002. Skin density and its influence on buoyancy in the manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 18: 765-778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01072.x
Koopman H.N. 1998. Topographical distribution of the blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). J. Mamm. 79: 260-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382862
Koopman H.N. 2007. Phylogenetic, ecological, and ontogenetic factors influencing the biochemical structure of the blubber of odontocetes. Mar. Biol. 151: 277-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0489-8
Koopman H.N., Iverson S.J., Gaskin D.E. 1996. Stratification and age-related differences in blubber fatty acids of the male harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). J. Comp. Physiol. B 165: 628-639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301131 PMid:8882509
Koopman H.N., Pabst D.A., McLellan W.A., et al. 2002. Changes in blubber distribution and morphology associated with starvation in the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): Evidence for regional differences in blubber structure and function. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 75: 498-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/342799 PMid:12529851
Koopman H.N., Iverson S.J., Read A.J. 2003. High concentrations of isovaleric acid in the fats of odontocetes: Variation and patterns of accumulation in blubber vs. stability in the melon. J. Comp. Physio. B 173: 247-261. PMid:12743728
Koopman H.N., Budge S.M., Ketten D.R., Iverson S.J. 2006. The topographical distribution of lipids inside the mandibular fat bodies of odontocetes: remarkable complexity and consistency. IEEE J. Ocean Eng. 31: 95-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2006.872205
Kvadsheim P.H., Folkow L.P., Blix A.S. 1996. Thermal conductivity of minke whale blubber. J. Therm. Biol. 21: 123-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(95)00034-8
Litchfield C., Greenberg A.J., Caldwell D.K., et al. 1975. Comparative lipid patterns in acoustical and nonacoustical fatty tissues of dolphins, porpoises and toothed whales. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 50: 591-597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(75)90095-4
Lockyer C.H. 1991. Body composition of the sperm whale, Physeter catodon, with special reference to the possible functions of fat depots. Rit. Fiskideildar. 12: 1-24.
Lockyer C.H. 1993. Seasonal changes in body fat condition of northeast Atlantic pilot whales, and their biological significance. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. Spec. Issue 14: 324-350.
Lockyer C. 1995. Aspects of the morphology, body fat condition and biology of the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, in British waters. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. Spec. Issue 16: 199-209.
Lockyer C.H., McConnell L.C., Waters T.D. 1984. The biochemical composition of fin whale blubber. Can. J. Zool. 62: 2553-2562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z84-373
Lockyer C., McConnell L., Waters T. 1985. Body condition in terms of anatomical and biochemical assessment of body fat in North Atlantic fin and sei whales. Can. J. Zool. 63: 2328-2338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-345
Maxia C., Scano P., Maggiani F., et al. 2007. A morphological and 13C NMR study of the extramandibular fat bodies of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Anat. Rec. 290: 913-919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.20560 PMid:17516451
McLellan W.A., Koopman H.N., Rommel S.A., et al. 2002. Ontogenetic allometry and body composition of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena, L.) from the western North Atlantic. J. Zool. 257: 457-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952836902001061
Moller P., Born E.W., Dietz R., et al. 2003. Regional differences in fatty acid composition in common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from the North Atlantic. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 5: 115-124.
Montie E.W., Garvin S.R., Fair P.A., et al. 2008. Blubber morphology in wild Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Southeastern United States: influence of geographic location, age class, and reproductive state. J. Morphol. 269: 496-511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10602 PMid:18157858
Noren S.R. and Wells R.S. 2009. Blubber deposition during ontogeny in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins: balancing disparate roles of insulation and locomotion. J. Mamm. 90: 629-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/08-MAMM-A-138R.1
Norris K.S. 1968. The evolution of acoustic mechanisms in odontocete cetaceans. In: Drake E.T. (ed.), Evolution and Environment. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 297-324.
Norris K.S., Harvey G.W. 1974. Sound transmission in the porpoise head. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56: 659-664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1903305 PMid:4415842
Norris K.S., Prescott J.H., Asa-Dorian P.V., et al. 1961. An experimental demonstration of echolocation behaviour in the porpoise, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu). Biol. Bull. 120: 163-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1539374
Olsen E., Grahl-Nielsen O. 2003. Blubber fatty acids of minke whales: stratification, population identification and relation to diet. Mar. Biol. 142: 13-24.
Pabst D.A. 2000. To bend a dolphin: Convergence of force transmission designs in cetaceans and scombrid fishes. Am. Zool. 40: 146-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/40.1.146
Pabst D.A., Rommel S.A., McLellan W.A. 1999. Functional morphology of marine mammals. In: Reynolds J.E., Rommel S.A. (eds), Biology of Marine Mammals. Smithsonian Press, Washington DC, pp. 15-72.
Pond C.M. 1998. The Fats of Life. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511584633
Samuel A.M., Worthy G.A.J. 2004. Variability in fatty acid composition of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) blubber as a function of body site, season, and reproductive state. Can. J. Zool. 82: 1933-1942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-001
Scano P., Maxia C., Maggiani F., et al. 2005. A histological and NMR study of the melon of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Chem. Phys. Lipids 134: 21-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.10.001 PMid:15752460
Smith H.R., Worthy G.A.J. 2006. Stratification and intra- and inter-specific differences in fatty acid composition of common dolphin (Delphinus sp.) blubber: Implications for dietary analysis. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B 143: 486-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.12.025 PMid:16500126
Struntz D.J., McLellan W.A., Disllaman R., et al. 2004. Blubber development in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J. Morphol. 259: 7-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10154 PMid:14666521
Taylor M.A. 1994. Stone, bone or blubber? Buoyancy control strategies in aquatic tetrapods. In: Maddock L., Bone Q., Rayner J.M.V. (eds.), Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming. Cambridge University Press, pp. 151-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511983641.012 PMCid:PMC159510
Tilbury K.L., Stein J.E., Meador J.P., et al. 1997. Chemical contaminants in harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the North Atlantic coast: tissue concentrations and intra- and inter-organ distribution. Chemosphere 34: 2159-2181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00076-3
Tornero V., Borrell A., Aguilar A., et al. 2006. Organochlorine contaminant and retinoid levels in blubber of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) off northwestern Spain. Environ. Pollut. 140: 312-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.07.006 PMid:16260076
Varanasi U., Malins D. 1970. Unusual wax esters from mandibular canal of the porpoise (Tursiops gilli). Biochemistry 9: 3629-3631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00820a020 PMid:5509847
Watanabe H., Suzuki K. 1950a. Chemical composition of various parts of whale. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 15: 741-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.15.741
Watanabe H., Suzuki K. 1950b. Chemical composition of various parts of sperm whale. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 15: 735-740. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.15.735
Worthy G., Edwards E. 1990. Morphometric and biochemical factors affecting heat loss in a small temperate cetacean (Phocoena phocoena) and a small tropical cetacean (Stenella attenuata). Physiol. Zool. 60: 432-442.
Zahorodny Duggan Z.P., Koopman H.N., Budge S.M. 2009. Distribution and development of the highly specialized lipids in the sound reception systems of dolphins. J. Comp. Physiol. B 179: 783-798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-009-0360-6 PMid:19373476
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2015 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
© CSIC. Los originales publicados en las ediciones impresa y electrónica de esta Revista son propiedad del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, siendo necesario citar la procedencia en cualquier reproducción parcial o total.Salvo indicación contraria, todos los contenidos de la edición electrónica se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución “Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional ” (CC BY 4.0). Puede consultar desde aquí la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.
No se autoriza el depósito en repositorios, páginas web personales o similares de cualquier otra versión distinta a la publicada por el editor.
