Life cycle of the marbled octopus, Amphioctopus aegina (Gray) (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) reared in the laboratory
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2011.75n4811Keywords:
octopus, Amphioctopus aegina, Cephalopoda, life cycle, rearedAbstract
Reproducing small eggs and planktonic hatchlings is a reproductive strategy of many species of benthic octopods although it is considered a pleisiomorphic state. The young in the planktonic and settling phases have a high energy consumption and require live food of specific size range characteristics, causing difficulties in obtaining appropriate food organisms for rearing experiments through the entire life cycle. This study obtained information on details of life cycle characteristics of Amphioctopus aegina (Gray) by resolving these difficulties. The aspects of life cycle of A. aegina were similar to those of other benthic octopus with a similar reproductive strategy. Growth was allometric, consisting of 3 phases in terms of body weight, including a transitional phase for the early settling stage. Feeding and conversion efficiency peaked over a 2-month period prior to reproduction, representing the period of energy storage. Growth from hatching to spawning took approximately 74% of the entire life span and the reproductive phase itself took 34%. Such longevities are similar to those of other benthic cephalopods with planktonic hatchlings. Overall similarities in these cephalopod taxa attest to the fitness of a life-history strategy involving production of planktonic offspring from benthic adults. A. aegina is the second benthic octopus species with planktonic hatchlings for which the life cycle has been completed through rearing in the laboratory.
Downloads
References
Ambrose, R.F. 1981. – Observations on the embryonic development and early post-embryonic behavior of Octopus bimaculatus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Veliger, 24: 139-146.
Baltazar, P., P. Rodríguez, W. Riveray and V. Valdivieso. – 2000. Experimental culture of Octopus mimus Gould, 1852 in Peru. Rev. Peru Biol., 7: 151-160.
Batham, E.J. – 1957. Care of eggs by Octopus maorum. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z., 84: 629-638.
Boletzky, S.v. – 1974. The “larvae” of Cephalopoda: a review. Thalassia Jugosl., 10: 45-76.
Boletzky, S.v. – 1977. Post-hatching behaviour and mode of life in cephalopods. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 38: 557-567.
Boletzky, S.v. – 1978-1979. Nos connaissances actuelles sur le developpement des octopodes. Vie Milieu, 28-29: 85-120.
Boyle, P. and P. Rodhouse. – 2005. Cephalopods Ecology and Fisheries. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Choe, S. – 1966a. On the eggs, rearing, habits of the fry, and growth of some Cephalopoda. Bull. Mar. Sci., 16: 330-348.
Choe, S. – 1966b. On the growth, feeding rates and the efficiency of food conversion for cuttlefishes and squids. Korean J. Zool., 9: 72-80.
Cortez, T., A.F. Gonzalez and A. Guerra. – 1999. Growth of cultured Octopus mimus (Cephalopoda, Octopodidae). Fish. Res., 40: 81-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00203-3
DeRusha, R.H., J.W. Forsythe and R.T. Hanlon. – 1987. Laboratory growth, reproduction and life span of the Pacific pygmy octopus, Octopus digueti. Pac. Sci., 41: 104-121.
Forsythe, J.W. – 1984. Octopus joubini (Mollusca: Cephalopoda): a detailed study of growth through the full life cycle in a closed seawater system. J. Zool., 202: 393-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb05091.x
Forsythe, J.W. and R.T. Hanlon. – 1980. A closed marine culture system for rearing Octopus joubini and other large-egged benthic octopods. Lab. Anim., 14: 137-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367780780942737 PMid:7431823
Forsythe, J.W. and R.T. Hanlon. – 1988. Effect of temperature on laboratory growth, reproduction and life span of Octopus bimaculoides. Mar. Biol., 98: 369-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391113
Forsythe, J.W. and W.F. Van Heukelem. – 1987. Growth. In: P.R. Boyle (ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles Volume II Comparative Reviews, pp. 135-156. Academic Press.
Gabe, S.H. – 1975. Reproduction in the giant octopus of the North Pacific, Octopus dofleini martini. Veliger, 18: 146-150.
Hanlon, R.T. – 1987. Mariculture. In: P.R. Boyle (ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles Volume II Comparative Reviews, pp. 291-305. Academic Press.
Hanlon, R.T. and M.R. Wolterding. – 1989. Behavior, body patterning, growth and life history of Octopus briareus cultured in the laboratory. Am. Malacol. Bull., 7: 21-45.
Hartwick, B. – 1983. Octopus dofleini. In: P.R. Boyle (ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles Volume I Species Accounts, pp. 277-291. Academic Press.
Iglesias, J., J.J. Otero, C. Moxica, L. Fuentes and F.J. Sanchez. – 2004. The complete life cycle of the octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier) under culture conditions: paralarval rearing using Artemia and zoeae, and first data on juvenile growth up to 8 months of age. Aquacult. Int., 12: 481-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AQUI.0000042142.88449.bc
Ignatius, B. and M. Srinivasan. – 2006. Embryonic development in Octopus aegina Gray, 1849. Curr. Sci., 19: 1089-1092.
Itami, K., Y. Izawa, S. Maeda and K. Nakai. – 1963. Notes on the laboratory culture of the octopus larvae. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 29: 514-520. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.29.514
Joll, L.M. – 1976. Mating, egg-laying and hatching of Octopus tetricus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in laboratory. Mar. Biol., 36: 327-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389194
Joll, L.M. – 1977. Growth and food intake of Octopus tetricus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in aquaria. Aust. J. Mar. Fresh. Res., 28: 45-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF9770045
Joll, L.M. – 1983. Octopus tetricus. In:P.R. Boyle (ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles Volume I Species Accounts, pp. 325-334. Academic Press
Mangold, K. – 1983. Octopus vulgaris. In: P.R. Boyle (ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles Volume I Species Accounts, pp. 335-364. Academic Press.
Mangold, K. and S.v. Boletzky. – 1973. New data on reproductive biology and growth ofOctopus vulgaris. Mar. Biol., 19: 7-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355414
Nabhitabhata, J. – 1985. Mating, egg-carrying and other behavior of webfoot octopus, Octopus membranaceus Quoy & Gaimard. Rayong Brackishwater Fisheries Station Technical Paper 6/1985: 1-20.
Nabhitabhata, J. – 1995. The culture of cephalopods: commercial scale attempt in Thailand. In: K.P.P. Nambiar and T. Singh (eds.), Aquaculture Towards the 21st Century, pp. 138-146. INFOFISH.
Nabhitabhata, J. – 1997. Life cycle of three cultured generations of spineless cuttlefish, Sepiella inermis (Ferrussac & d’Orbigny, 1848). Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Spec. Pub., 17: 289-298.
Nabhitabhata, J. – 1999. Checklist of diversity and distribution of recent cephalopods from Thai waters. Thai Mar. Fish. Res. Bull., 7: 89-96.
Nabhitabhata, J. – 2002. Life History and Behaviour of Reared Neritic Cephalopods from Thai Waters. PhD thesis, Tokyo Univ. Fish.
Nabhitabhata, J. and P. Nilaphat. – 1999. Life cycle of cultured pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Spec. Pub., 19: 25-40.
Nabhitabhata, J., P. Nilaphat, C. Jaroongpattananon and P. Promboon.– 2003. Culture, growth and behaviour of king octopus, Octopus rex Nateewathana and Norman, 1999. Rayong Coast. Fish. Res. Develop. Cent. Contrib., 26: 17.
Nabhitabhata, J., P. Nilaphat, P. Promboon and C. Jaroongpattananon.– 2005. Life cycle of cultured bobtail squid, Euprymna hyllebergi Nateewathana, 1997. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Res. Bull., 66: 351-365.
Nateewathana, A. – 1997. The octopod fauna (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) of the Andaman Sea, Thailand. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Spec. Pub., 17: 407-452.
Nateewathana, A. and M.D. Norman. – 1999. On three new species of ocellate octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from Thai waters. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Spec. Pub. 19: 445-462.
Norman, M.D. and M.J. Sweeney. – 1997. The shallow-water octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) of the Philippines. Invertebr. Taxon., 11: 9-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IT95026
Norman, M.D. – 1998. Octopodidae benthic octopuses. In: K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.), The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 2 Cephalopods, Crustaceans, Holothurians and Sharks, FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, pp. 800-826. Food and Agriculture Organization.
Norman, M.D. – 2000. Cephalopods, A World Guide. ConchBooks, Hackenheim.
Norman, M.D. and F.G. Hochberg. – 2005a. The current state of octopus taxonomy. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Res. Bull., 66: 127-154.
Norman, M.D. and F.G. Hochberg. – 2005b. The “mimic octopus” (Thaumoctopus mimicus n. gen. et sp.), a new octopus from the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae). Mollusc. Res., 25: 57-70.
Phanichpong, W. – 1985. Studies on reproductive biology and some behaviors of the devil fish, Octopus dollfusi Robson, 1928. MSc thesis, Kasetsart University.
Rocha, F., A. Guerra and A.F. Gonzalez. – 2001. A review of reproductive strategies in cephalopods. Biol. Rev., 76: 291-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1464793101005681 PMid:11569786
Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Naun. – 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 3 Cephalopods of the World An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Species of Interest to Fisheries FAO Fisheries Synopsis no. 125 Vol. 3. Food and Agriculture Organization.
Sasaki, M. – 1929. A monograph of the dibranchiate cephalopods of the Japanese and adjacent waters. J. Fac. Agri., Hokkaido Imp. Univ., suppl 20: 1-357. Supongpan, M. – 1995. Cephalopod resource in the Gulf of Thailand. In: J. Nabhitabhata (ed.), Biology and Culture of Cephalopods, pp. 191-220. Rayong Coast. Fish. Res. Develop. Cent. Contrib. 18.
Thomas, R.F. and L. Opresko. – 1973. Observations on Octopus joubini: four laboratory reared generations. Nautilus, 87: 61-65.
Tranter, D.J. and O. Augustine. – 1973. Observations on the life history of the blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa. Mar. Biol., 18: 115-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348686
Van Heukelem, W.F. – 1973. Growth and life-span of Octopus cyanea (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). J. Zool., 169: 299-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1973.tb04559.x
Van Heukelem, W.F. – 1977. Laboratory maintenance, breeding, rearing, and biomedical research potential of the Yucatan octopus (Octopus maya). Lab. Anim. Sci., 27: 852-859. PMid:592733
Van Heukelem, W.F. – 1983. Octopus cyanea. In: P.R. Boyle (ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles Volume I. Species Accounts, pp. 267-276. Academic Press.
Villanueva, R. – 1995. Experimental rearing and growth of planktonic Octopus vulgaris from hatching to settlement. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 52: 2639-2650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-853
Villanueva, R. and M.D. Norman. – 2008. Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic Octopuses. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 46: 105-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420065756.ch4
Well, M.J. and J. Wells. – 1970. Observations on the feeding, growth rate and habits of newly settled Octopus cyanea. J. Zool., 161: 65-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb02170.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2011 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.
