The scorpionfish
En este trabajo se describe el escorpeniforme
The scorpionfishes of the genus
The genus
When examining specimens of
Specimens were examined at the Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS), the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH), the Hebrew University, Jerusalem (HUJ), the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN), Tel Aviv University (SMNHTAU) and the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart (SMNS).
Descriptive methods follow
Comparative material:
(
Selected body proportions and counts, included in
Range | Red Sea HUJ 2148, holotype (123.1 mm SL) | Red Sea HUJ 20671, paratype (1) (90.5 mm SL) |
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Counts: | ||
Dorsal fin spines | XII | XII |
Dorsal fin soft rays | 10 | 10 |
Anal fin spines + soft rays | III + 5 | III + 5 |
Pectoral fin rays | 16 | 16 |
Uppermost branched pectoral fin ray | 2nd | 2nd |
Lowermost branched pectoral fin ray | 7th | 6th |
Pored lateral-line scales | 29 | 30 |
Scale rows in longitudinal series | 62 | 59 |
Vertical scale rows | 53 | 48 |
Circumpeduncular scales | 42 | 40 |
Gill rakers (total) | 17 | 16 |
Gill rakers on upper arch | 5 | 4 |
Spines on suborbital ridge | 3 | 2-3 |
Pectoral fin reaching to level of | anus | anus |
Proportions: | ||
Body depth | 41 | 41 |
Head length | 44 | 42 |
Horizontal eye diameter | 11 | 12 |
Tip of snout to dorsal fin origin | 35 | 36 |
Tip of snout to anal fin origin | 69 | 71 |
Tip of snout to dorsal fin insertion | 73 | 73 |
Tip of snout to anal fin insertion | 75 | 70 |
Tip of snout to pectoral fin origin | 38 | 38 |
Tip of snout to pelvic fin origin | 41 | 38 |
Snout in orbit diameter | 1.2 | 1.4 |
Orbit diameter in head length | 4.0 | 3.5 |
Interorbital distance in orbit diameter | 1.8 | 1.6 |
Dorsal fin origin to caudal fin base | 75 | 75 |
Anal fin origin to caudal fin base | 38 | 39 |
Pectoral fin origin to caudal fin base | 68 | 66 |
Length of dorsal fin base | 62 | 63 |
Length of anal fin base | 16 | 18 |
Length of pectoral fin base | 16 | 15 |
Length of pectoral fin | 29 | 32 |
Length of pelvic fin | 26 | 29 |
Length of pelvic fin spine | 13 | 15 |
Dorsal fin insertion to caudal fin base | 32 | 32 |
Anal fin insertion to caudal fin base | 30 | 33 |
Least depth of caudal peduncle | 12 | 12 |
Body scaled; scales ctenoid. Chest, pectoral fin base and head naked. Predorsal scales 5 (6). Preorbital bone usually with 2 (2) spinous points over maxillary forming about a right angle; posterior spine pointing forward. Occipital pit present, well developed. Suborbital ridge with 3 (2-3) spinous points; first below ridge which runs under eye, second at end of this ridge, and third just before supplemental preopercular spine. Upper posttemporal spine present. Interorbital ridges present, diverging at rear. Supraorbital tentacle at most half of orbit diameter. Few small dermal flaps associated with preorbital, preocular, parietal, nuchal and preopercular spines; other tentacles at anterior nostril, below suborbital ridge, on eye, opercle flap, some body scales, and some pored lateral-line scales. Pores at symphysis small, separate. Lateral line a shallow convex curve from its origin to caudal fin base, with 29 (30) pored scales. Scale rows in longitudinal series 62 (59), vertical scale rows 53 (48). Maximum observed standard length 123 mm.
Head and body reddish brown, back with five indistinct darker saddles that continue irregularly across the upper two-thirds of the body. Head reddish brown; eye dark grey. Pectoral fin base and belly white. Dorsal fin marbled with brown, without a black blotch. Pectoral fins pale, with series of dark brown spots in their upper two-thirds. Pelvic fins pale. Anal fin light brown, with a central and a distal posterior bar of dark brown spots. Caudal fin whitish, with a basal, a central and a distal vertical dark brown bar.
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Dorsal fin spines | XII | XII |
Dorsal fin rays | 10 | 7-9 |
Anal fin spines + rays | III, 5 | III, 4-5 |
Pectoral fin rays | 16 | 16-18 |
Uppermost branched pectoral fin ray | 2nd | usually 3rd |
Lateral scale rows | 59-62 | 56-60 |
Vertical scale rows | 48-53 | 51-58 |
Circumpeduncular scales | 40-42 | 32-40 |
Body scales | ctenoid | emarginate, without distinct ctenii |
Gill rakers on upper arch | 4-5 | 5-6 |
Body depth | 41 | 34-40 |
Tip of snout to pectoral fin origin | 38 | 39-45 |
Tip of snout to pelvic fin origin | 38-41 | 40-48 |
Orbit diameter in head length | 3.5-4.0 | 3.7-4.3 |
Length of pectoral fin base | 15-16 | 12-15 |
An identification key to the species of
In the Red Sea, the new species might be confused with
(
Additional synonymy is provided in the checklist below.
Range | Eastern Mediterranean (?): MNHN 0000-6706 (2 syntypes of |
Eastern Mediterranean: HUJ 4962 (1), 5315 (1), 12258 (1), 14139 (2), 14223 (2), 14555 (1), 14591 (1), 14573 (4), 14674 (1), 19126 (2), 19129 (3), 19394 (1), HUJ 19437 (1), SMNHTAU P2578 (1) (53.1-154.1mm SL; n=22) | Western Mediterranean: BMNH 1938.11.15. 50 (1), BMNH 1960. 6.24.145-149 (5), BMNH 1963.5.14. 655 (1), HUJ 12060 (1), HUJ 17860 (1), HUJ 20823 (5), SMF 35951 (9) (74.5-171.7mm SL; n=23) |
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Counts: | |||
Dorsal fin spines | XII | XII | XII |
Dorsal fin soft rays | 9 (2) | 8 (1), 9 (20) | 7 (1), 9 (23) |
Anal fin spines + soft rays | III + 4 (1), III + 5 (1) | III + 5 (20), III + 6 (1) | III + 4 (1), 5 (23) |
Pectoral fin rays | 16 (3), 17 (1) | 16 (12), 17 (20), 18 (1) | 16 (23), 17 (18), 18 (5) |
Uppermost branched pectoral fin ray | 3rd (4th) | 2nd (1), 3rd (32), 4th (1) | 2nd (11), 3rd (32), 4th (3) |
Lowermost branched pectoral fin ray | 7th-8th | 5th-8th | 5th-7th |
Pored lateral-line scales | 18-31 | 28-31 | 28-30 |
Scale rows in longitudinal series | 56-57 | 56-60 | 56-60 |
Vertical scale rows | 52-53 | 51-58 | 51-58 |
Circumpeduncular scales | 34-36 | 32-38 | 34-40 |
Gill rakers (total) | 16 | 16-17 | 16-18 |
Gill rakers on upper arch | 5 | 5- 6 | 5- 6 |
Spines on suborbital ridge | ? | 2- 3 | 2- 3 |
Pectoral fin reaching to level of | anus – 2nd anal spine | anus - 2nd or 3rd anal spine | anus - 2nd anal spine |
Proportions: | |||
Body depth | 36-37 | 36-44 | 34-40 |
Head length | 42-44 | 42-47 | 42-47 |
Horizontal eye diameter | 11 | 10-13 | 10-13 |
Tip of snout to dorsal fin origin | 34 | 35-39 | 35-39 |
Tip of snout to anal fin origin | 58-74 | 69-74 | 67-76 |
Tip of snout to dorsal fin insertion | 71-73 | 72-79 | 67-72 |
Tip of snout to anal fin insertion | 76-79 | 75-80 | 73-82 |
Tip of snout to pectoral fin origin | 39 | 40-42 | 39-45 |
Tip of snout to pelvic fin origin | 40-41 | 42-44 | 41-48 |
Snout in orbit diameter | 1.1-1.3 | 1.2-1.7 | 1.0-1.4 |
Orbit diameter in head length | 3.7-3.9 | 3.7-4.3 | 3.7-4.4 |
Interorbital distance in orbit diameter | 1.5-1.8 | 1.0-1.8 | 1.3-2.1 |
Dorsal fin origin to caudal fin base | 70-75 | 70-80 | 70-74 |
Anal fin origin to caudal fin base | 34-35 | 35-39 | 33-37 |
Pectoral fin origin to caudal fin base | 60-65 | 63-69 | 62-67 |
Length of dorsal fin base | 60-64 | 56-64 | 57-63 |
Length of anal fin base | 14-17 | 15-18 | 15-22 |
Length of pectoral fin base | 12-13 | 14-15 | 14-17 |
Length of pectoral fin | 29-31 | 29-34 | 28-30 |
Length of pelvic fin | 26-31 | 25-30 | 23-27 |
Length of pelvic fin spine | 12-17 | 14-17 | 11-16 |
Dorsal fin insertion to caudal fin base | 30-32 | 30-33 | 30-33 |
Anal fin insertion to caudal fin base | 29-30 | 27-32 | 26-33 |
Least depth of caudal peduncle | 11 | 10-12 | 10-12 |
The species was subsequently reported by several authors based on Cuvier in
While we thus conclude that
Summarizing these results,
An updated checklist of the species of the genus
As only two specimens of
The restricted range of
1 | Pit or depression in occiput shallow or absent | 2 |
– | A deep pit or depression in occiput (somewhat intermediate in |
5 |
2 | Chest (area anterior to pelvic fin) naked, without scales; membranes between dorsal spines 2 to 4 deeply incised more than half length of spine and nearly to base of fin in some specimens | |
– | Chest with scales (sometimes deeply embedded and difficult to see); membranes between dorsal spines 2 to 4 incised about half length of spines or less | 3 |
3 | Suborbital ridge smooth, without spines; a shallow occipital pit; pectoral fin rays 20 | |
– | Suborbital ridge with 1 or 2 small spines; no occipital pit; pectoral fin rays 15 to 18 | 4 |
4 | Posterior lacrimal (preorbital) spine points anteriorly; second preopercular spine from above small, smaller than third and fourth below; 66 to 69 scales in longitudinal row above lateral line; no white specks in axil (inner surface) of pectoral fin | |
– | Posterior lacrimal (preorbital) spine points posteroventrally; second preopercular spine from above small, large, equal to or larger than third and fourth below; 52 to 56 scales in longitudinal row above lateral line; white specks in axil of pectoral fin | |
5 | Base of pectoral fin and chest scaled; scales on flank cycloid | 6 |
– | Base of pectoral fin naked, without scales (or with a few small deeply embedded scales); scales on flank ctenoid (or emarginate in |
8 |
6 | Fewer than 50 scales in lateral row behind supracleithral spine to base of caudal fin | 7 |
– | More than 60 scales in lateral row behind supracleithral spine to base of caudal fin | |
7 | Medial surface of pectoral fin and pectoral axil with large brown spots on a relatively pallid background | |
– | Medial surface of pectoral fin and pectoral axil black, with large white spot | |
8 | Lateral-line pores immediately posterior to symphysis of lower jaw fused into a single median pore that is usually readily visible | 9 |
– | Lateral-line pores immediately posterior to symphysis of lower jaw widely separate, although at times minute ( |
12 |
9 | Maxilla with a ridge that runs along its length | |
– | Maxilla without ridge running along its length | 10 |
10 | A distinct, large spot on spinous dorsal fin between spines 6 and 9 (although sometimes more restricted); pectoral fin, soft part of dorsal fin and anal fin without numerous small, but distinct spots; spots when present on caudal fin confined primarily to fin rays | 11 |
– | No distinct, large spot on spinous dorsal fin between spines 6 and 9; pectoral fin, soft part of dorsal fin, and anal fin with numerous small, but distinct spots; spots on caudal fin confined primarily to fin membranes | |
11 | Dorsal soft rays usually 9 (last double); posteriormost lacrimal (preorbital) spine points ventrally or slightly to rear (not present or less distinct in juveniles) | |
– | Dorsal soft rays 10 (last double); posterior lacrimal spines strongly curved to rear (may be less distinct or absent in juveniles) | |
12 | More than 56 scale rows in longitudinal series (counted from immediately behind supracleithral spine to base of caudal fin) | 13 |
– | Fewer than 51 scale rows in longitudinal series (counted from immediately behind supracleithral spine to base of caudal fin) | 14 |
13 | Dorsal fin soft rays 7-9; scales on body emarginate, without distinct ctenii (small spines at posterior margin of scale); uppermost branched pectoral fin ray is usually the third (occasionally the second to fourth) | |
– | Dorsal fin soft rays 10; scales on body ctenoid; uppermost branched pectoral fin ray is the second | |
14 | Numerous cutaneous flaps and cirri on ventral side of head | |
– | Ventral surface of head without flaps or cirri | 15 |
15 | Spinous part of dorsal fin without a black spot; pectoral fin rays usually 19 (sometimes 18) | |
– | Spinous part of dorsal fin with a distinct black spot; pectoral fin rays usually 17 or 18, rarely 19 | 16 |
16 | More than 20 rows of scales anterior to anus at ventral midline; orbit diameter smaller than snout (ratio of snout/orbit 0.8 to 1.2), except in small specimens | |
– | Fewer than 20 rows of scales anterior to anus at ventral midline; orbit diameter slightly larger than snout (ratio of snout/orbit 0.9 or less) |
We are grateful to James Maclaine and Oliver A. Crimmen (BMNH), Patrice Pruvost (MNHN, Paris), and M. Goren and N. Stern (SMNHTAU, Tel Aviv) who gave access to materials in their care, to D. Darom (HUJ, Jerusalem) for taking a photograph of
Species | Original description | Type locality | Primary type(s) | Junior synonym(s) | Geographical distribution |
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Lobos de Afuera Island, Peru | Holotype: USNM 128130 | E Pacific: Costa Rica to Peru and Cocos Island | |
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Gulf of Mexico, 23°13’N 89°10’W | Holotype: MCZ 27996 | W Atlantic: North Carolina (USA) and Gulf of Mexico south to N Brazil | |
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off Culebra Island, southwest of Culebritas Lighthouse, Puerto Rico | Holotype: USNM 49532 | W Atlantic: Florida (USA) and Bahamas south to Netherlands Antilles | |
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Elephant Bay, Angola | Holotype: BMNH 1910.2.24.1 | E Atlantic: Mauritania to Angola, including Cape Verde Islands | |
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Annobón Island, Equatorial Guinea, Gulf of Guinea, 1°24’N, 5°38’E | Holotype: CAS 14214 | E Atlantic: Annobón Island | |
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Ascension Island | Holotype: BMNH 1935.5.2.33 | SE Atlantic: at Ascension Island | |
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Terceira, Azores | Holotype: USNM 94463 | NE Atlantic: Azores Islands | |
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Mayaguez, Puerto Rico | Holotype: USNM 49533 | W Atlantic: New York (USA) and Bermuda south to northern Brazil | |
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off Venezuela, 10°50’N, 66°55’W | Holotype: USNM 198153 | W Atlantic: Florida (USA) south to Panama and Venezuela | |
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Cuvier in |
Brazil | Syntypes: MNHN 0000-6672 (1), 0000-6688 (1), 0000-7300 (1, dry); ZMB 747 (1) |
– – |
W Atlantic: Virginia (U.S.A.) and Gulf of Mexico south to northern Brazil |
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off Futo, Ito City, Shizuoka, Japan, 34°52’N, 139°08’E | Holotype: KPM-NI 16667 | NW Pacific: Izu Peninsula, Japan | |
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south of Norfolk Island, Norfolk Ridge, 28°54’-55’S, 167°40’-41’E | Holotype: CSIRO H 6009-05 | SW Pacific: Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia, Vanuatu | |
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Clearwater Harbor, Florida, USA | Holotype: USNM 23556 |
– |
W Atlantic: South Carolina (U.S.A.) and Gulf of Mexico south to northern Brazil |
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Canary Islands | Holotype: MNHN 0000-7031 |
– |
E Atlantic: Canary Islands, Madeira and Azores |
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Solander and Richardson in |
White Island, New Zealand, 37°30’S, 177°09’E | Neotype: NMNZ P.044152 |
– – |
SW Pacific: New Zealand to Lord Howe, Norfolk and Kermadec islands |
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off Nuez Island, Cocos Island, 5°34’00”N, 86°59’20”W | Holotype: CAS 219506 | E Pacific: Galapagos Archipelago and Cocos Island | |
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S of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands | Holotype: USNM 51631 | Central Pacific: Hawaiian Islands to Johnston Atoll | |
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Present paper | Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba | |||
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S of Tortugas, Florida, USA | Holotype: USNM 108867 |
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W Atlantic: South Carolina (USA) and Gulf of Mexico south to northern Brazil |
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N of Puerto Rico, 18°15’N, 67°33’W | Holotype: USNM 198149 | W Atlantic: Florida (U.S.A.) south to Panama | |
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Cap Blanc, Mauritania | Syntypes: MHNLR P.798 (2) | E Atlantic: Morocco to Namibia; Mediterranean Sea | |
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Juan Fernández Islands | Holotype: whereabouts unknown | SE Pacific: Juan Fernández and Desaventurados islands | |
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Kalbarri, Western Australia, 27°30’S, 114°25’E | Holotype: WAM P.27960-006 | SE Indian Ocean: Western Australia | |
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Cuvier in |
Martinique Island, West Indies; Puerto Rico; Havana, Cuba; Santo Domingo | Syntypes: MNHN 0000-6681 (1), 0000-6689 (1), 0000-6900 (1); SMF 440 (1); ZMB 752 (1) | W Atlantic: Bermuda and Florida (USA) south to southern Brazil; S Atlantic: St. Helena and Ascension | |
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North West Islet, Capricorn Group, Queensland, Australia | Holotype: AMS E.1418 | SW Pacific: Queensland (Australia) | |
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Grattan Bank, near Ascension Island, 9°46’S, 12°48’W | Holotype: ZIN 52148 | S Atlantic: Grattan Bank near Ascension Island | |
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Monterey, California, USA | Holotype: USNM 350 |
– – |
E Pacific: central California (USA) to Gulf of California (Mexico) |
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off Tubig Point, between Samar and Masbate, Philippines, 12°12’35”N, 124°02’48”E | Holotype: USNM 98884 | W Pacific: Philippines | |
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San Cristóbal Island (Chatham Island), Galápagos Islands | Syntypes: BMNH 1917.7.14.73, 1917.7.14.74 (1) |
– – |
E Pacific: Baja California (Mexico) S to Chile and some offshore islands, including the Galápagos Islands |
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Cuvier in |
Martinique Island, West Indies | Holotype: MNHN 0000-0693 |
– – – |
W Atlantic: Florida (USA) and Bahamas south to Dutch West Indies |
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Porto Bello, Panama, Caribbean Sea | Holotype: USNM 81617 | W Atlantic: Panama south to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) | |
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Suruga Bay, Japan | Holotype: USNM 50909 | SE Indian Ocean and W Pacific: Western Australia north to S Japan | |
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Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia | Holotype: NMW 75379 | SW Pacific: Queensland to Victoria (Australia) | |
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Tahiti, Society Islands | Holotype: BPBM 31706 | S Pacific: Society Islands | |
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Cape Verde Islands | Holotype: NMW 5632 |
– |
E Atlantic: Azores and Madeira S to Gulf of Guinea; Cape Verde Islands |
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Gulf de Gascogne, France | Syntypes: MHNLR P.797 (4); MNHN 1947-0002 to 0003 (2), 1887-0305 to 0306 (2), 1887-0307 to 0308 (2), 1887-0310 (1) | Mediterranean Sea, E Atlantic: Bay of Biscay south to Western Sahara | |
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Valenciennes in |
Madeira | Syntypes: MNHN 0000-6682 (4), 0000-6683 (4) |
– |
Mediterranean Sea, E Atlantic: Morocco to Senegal including Azores, Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde islands |
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off Brazil, 2°10’S, 41°33’W | Holotype: USNM 198154 | SW Atlantic: off Brazil | |
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St. Helena, 15°58’S, 5°43’W | Holotype: BMNH 1867.10.8.6 | S Atlantic: Saint Helena | |
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Yokohama, Japan | Holotype: BMNH 1879.5.14.235 | NW Pacific: Japan to China | |
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Jordan and Starks in |
Mazatlán, Sinaloa, W Mexico |
Lectotype: CAS-SU 2919 (missing); established by |
– |
E Pacific: southern California (USA.) south to Chile |
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Nagasaki, Japan | Syntypes: RMNH D618-623 (6, stuffed) |
– |
Indo-West Pacific: Andaman Islands east to Philippines and New Guinea, N to Japan, S to northern Australia |
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Mauritania | Syntypes: (17) MNHN B-2548 (2) | E Atlantic: Mauritania south to Angola | |
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Sicily, Italy | No types known |
– – – – – |
Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, E Atlantic: Bay of Biscay south to Senegal including Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands |
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Misaki, Japan | Holotype: USNM 49405 | Indo-West Pacific: NWAustralia and Andaman Sea; Korea and Japan to Taiwan; E Australia and N New Zealand to New Caledonia | |
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Easter Island | Holotype: CAS 24809 | SE Pacific: Easter Island | |
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Schneider and Forster in |
New Zealand | No types known |
– – – – |
SW Pacific: SE Australia and New Zealand |
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Easter Island | Holotype: CAS 24812 | SE Pacific: Easter Island | |
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Oahu, Hawaiian Islands | Holotype: USNM 214046 | Central Pacific: Hawaiian Islands | |
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NE Taiwan | Holotype: ASIZP 65020 | NW Pacific: Taiwan to Japan | |
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off Brazil, 1°59’S, 42°05’W | Holotype: USNM 198150 | SW Atlantic: Brazil | |
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Martinique | No types known |
– – – – – |
W Atlantic including Ascension and Saint Helena |
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Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic | Possible syntypes: NRM 22 (21), 23 (1), 123 (1) |
– – – – – – |
Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, E Atlantic: British Isles to Morocco including Azores and Canary Islands |
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off Pacific coast of Colombia | Syntypes: BMNH 1900.9.29.189 (1); NMW 8864 (1); CAS-SU 384 (4); USNM 41138 (1), 41140 (1), 41146 (1), 41154 (1) 41160 (1), 41191 (1), 41208-09 (1, 1), 41366 (1), 41379 (1), 41487-88 (1, 1), 205651 (1) | E Pacific: Gulf of California to northern Peru | |
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Mediterranean Sea | No types known |
– Scorpaena tota rubens, cirris plurimis ad os: – Scorpaena cavite cavernoso, cirris geminis in maxilla inferiore: – – ? – – – – |
Mediterranean Sea, E Atlantic: British Isles to Cape Verde Islands including Madeira; W Indian Ocean |
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Guaymas, Sonora, W Mexico | Holotype: USNM 39644 | E Pacific: Mexico, Gulf of California and SW coast of Baja California | |
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Port-Etienne, Cap Blanc, Mauritania | Syntypes: MNHN 1947-0004 (1), 1947-0005 (1) |
– |
E Atlantic: Mauritania south to Angola |
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Fremantle, Western Australia | Syntypes: MNHN A-4409 (1, dry), B-2570 (1) | SE Indian Ocean: Western Australia, Shark Bay south to Albany | |
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Juan Fernández Islands | Holotype: BMNH 1879.5.14.232 | SE Pacific, Chile: Juan Fernández and Desaventuradas islands | |
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Lobos de Tierra Bay, Peru | Holotype: USNM 128128 | E Pacific: Peru and Chile | |
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Isla de San Ambrosio, Chile | Holotype: EBMC 10478 | SE Pacific: Chile | |
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Galápagos Islands, Isla Isabela, Tagus Cove, 0.26°S, 91.37°W | Holotype: SIO 13-2 | E Pacific: Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) | |
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Wahai, Seram, Indonesia | Syntypes and/or Bleeker specimens: AMS B.8277 (1); RMNH 5861 |
– |
1 Questionable species