INTRODUCTION
⌅The daily discharge of pollutants from human activities such as industry, agriculture, shipping, ports, domestic waste and anthropogenic pressure is a serious problem that has harmful effects on aquatic organisms (Paraskevopoulou et al. 2014Paraskevopoulou V., Zeri C., Kaberi H., et al. 2014. Trace metal variability, background levels and pollution status assessment in line with the water framework and marine strategy framework EU Directives in the waters of a heavily impacted Mediterranean Gulf. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 87: 323-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.054 ). Many animals and plants living in polluted environments are often exposed to complex mixtures of chemical contaminants (Sureda et al. 2011Sureda A., Box A., Tejada S., et al. 2011. Biochemical responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis as biomarkers of acute environmental pollution caused by the Don Pedro oil spill (Eivissa Island, Spain). Aquat. Toxicol. 101: 540-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.12.011 ), and these species have been proposed as a biomonitor of pollutants in coastal areas (Bodin et al. 2011Bodin N., N’Gom Kâ R., Le Loc’h F., et al. 2011. Are exploited mangrove molluscs exposed to Persistent Organic Pollutant contamination in Senegal, West Africa? Chemosphere. 84: 318-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.012 ). Polychaetes (Annelida) have been used as sentinels in coastal studies for monitoring purposes, especially in soft-bottom habitats (Li et al. 2012Li L., Liu X., You L., et al. 2012. Uptake pathways and subcellular fractionation of Cd in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Ecotoxicology 21:104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0770-6 ). These worms are one of the most important groups in terms of diversity and abundance in macro-benthic communities in coastal and marine environments, (Chouikh et al. 2019Chouikh N., Gillet P., Langston W.J., et al. 2019. First investigation of the composition and spatial distribution of polychaete feeding guilds from Essaouira protected coastal area. Appl. Ecol. Env. Res. 17: 3231-3249. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1702_32313249 ). They play a vital role in ecosystem functioning, not only because of their dominance, but also because of their different feeding modes and reproductive strategies (Han et al. 2016Han Q., Jiang X., Wang X. 2016. The polychaete feeding guild composition in the Sishili Bay, the northern Yellow Sea, China. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 96: 1083-1092. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315415001873 ).
Scientists and environmental managers are currently working for a more specific concept of biomonitoring of the marine environment based on the study of the biological response by analysing bioaccumulation of metals, which are of particular concern due to their toxic effect, their persistence and their tendency to bioaccumulate and spread throughout food chains (Yi et al. 2008Yi Yu-jun., Wang Z., Zhang K., et al. 2008. Sediment pollution and its effect on fish through 531 food chain in the Yangtze River. Int. J. Sediment Res. 23: 338-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(09)60005-6 ). Due to the complex stress responses influenced by metals, metalloids and their mixtures, it is important to create a battery of biomarkers that represent different roles and biological levels, such as the variation of oxidative stress (Di Salvatore et al. 2013Di Salvatore P., Calcagno J.A., Ortíz N., et al. 2013. Effect of seasonality on oxidative stress responses and metal accumulation in soft tissues of Aulacomya atra, a mussel from the South Atlantic Patagonian coast. Mar. Environ. Res. 92: 244-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.10.004 , Bejaoui et al. 2017Bejaoui S., Boussoufa D., Tir M., et al. 2017. DNA damage and oxidative stress in digestive gland of Venerupis decussata collected from two contrasting habitats in the southern Tunisian coast: biochemical and histopathological studies. Cah. Biol. Mar. 58: 123-135.) and trace element concentration (Di Salvatore et al. 2013Di Salvatore P., Calcagno J.A., Ortíz N., et al. 2013. Effect of seasonality on oxidative stress responses and metal accumulation in soft tissues of Aulacomya atra, a mussel from the South Atlantic Patagonian coast. Mar. Environ. Res. 92: 244-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.10.004 , Sureda et al. 2011Sureda A., Box A., Tejada S., et al. 2011. Biochemical responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis as biomarkers of acute environmental pollution caused by the Don Pedro oil spill (Eivissa Island, Spain). Aquat. Toxicol. 101: 540-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.12.011 ), which can be linked to whole-organism responses and ecological responses to indicate the presence of harmful substances in the marine environment (Cravo et al. 2012Cravo A., Pereira C., Gomes T., et al. 2012. A multibiomarker approach in the clam Ruditapes decussatus to assess the impact of pollution in the Ria Formosa lagoon, South Coast of Portugal. Mar. Environ. Res. 75: 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.012 ). The toxicity of metals has been attributed mainly to their capacity to increase the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are thought to be the main cause of lipid and protein peroxidation (Chetoui et al. 2019Chetoui I., Bejaoui S., Trabelsi W., et al. 2019. Exposure of Mactra corallina to acute doses of lead: effects on redox status, fatty acid composition and histomorphological aspect. Drug Chem. Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2019.1693590 ). To neutralize free radicals and counteract the deleterious effects of ROS, cells possess an antioxidant defence system (Halliwell 2007Halliwell B. 2007. Biochemistry of oxidative stress. Biochem. Soc. T. 35: 1147-1150. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0351147 ).
In this study, the marine polychaete Perinereis cultrifera (Grube, 1840Grube E. 1840. Actinien, Echinodermen und Würmer des Adriatischen und Mittlemeers. Könisberg, 1840, 92 pp.) was used as a biological model. It is present on the northwestern coasts of Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Durchon 1957Durchon M. 1957. Problèmes posés par le comportement des néréidiens au moment de leur reproduction. Ann. Biol. 33: 31-42., Wu et al. 1985Wu B., Sun R., Yang D. 1985. The Nereidae (Polychaetous annelids) of the Chinese coast. China Ocean Press. Beijing, 234 pp.). In Tunisia, it is widespread but poorly documented (Zghal and Ben Amor 1989Zghal F., Ben Amor Z. 1989. Sur la présence en Méditerranée de la race Perinereis cultrifera (Polychète). Archives de l’institut Pasteur de Tunis 66: 293-301.). According to the literature, P. cultrifera is an intertidal species, inhabiting rocky coasts under stones and boulders, usually where there is an accumulation of sediment (Scaps et al. 1992Scaps P., Retière C., Desrosiers G., et al. 1992. Dynamique d’une population de Perinereis cultrifera (Grube) de la côte nord Bretagne. Cah. Biol. Mar. 33: 477-194.). Other studies have shown that this species can live in muddy sediments (Ghirardini et al. 1999Ghirardini V.A., Cavallini L., Delaney E., et al. 1999. H. diversicolor, N. succinea and P. cultrifera (Polychaeta: Nereididae) as bioaccumulators of cadmium and zinc from sediments: Preliminary results in the Venetian lagoon (Italy). Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 71: 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358815 ). The mode of reproduction of P. cultrifera differs widely according to the geographical situation of the populations. It has a lifespan of three years and reproduces by epitokous or atokous (Scaps et al. 1992Scaps P., Retière C., Desrosiers G., et al. 1992. Dynamique d’une population de Perinereis cultrifera (Grube) de la côte nord Bretagne. Cah. Biol. Mar. 33: 477-194., Rouabah and Scaps 2003Rouabah A., Scaps P. 2003. Life cycle and population dynamics of the polychaete Perinereis cultrifera from the Algerian Mediterranean Coast. P.S.Z.N.: Mar. Ecol. 24: 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0485.2003.03796.x ). In Tunisia, no studies on the reproduction of P. cultrifera have been carried out.
Several studies have reported that P. cultrifera is a suitable bioindicator species of marine pollution (Guemouda et al. 2014Guemouda M., Meghlaoui Z., Daas T., et al. 2014. Monitoring pollution in East Algerian coasts using biochemical markers in the polychaete annelid Perinereis cultrifera. Ann. Biol. Res. 5: 31-40., Snani et al. 2015Snani M., Meghlaoui Z., Maamcha O., et al. 2015. Laying period and biomarkers of the polychaete Perinereis cultrifera from the eastern coast of Algeria subjected to marine pollution. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 3: 249-254., Meghlaoui et al. 2015Meghlaoui Z., Guemouda M., Snani M., et al. 2015. Effect of oil pollution on polychaete annelids in the Algerian East coast. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 3: 339-343.). However, no study has been carried out on P. cultrifera responses to anthropogenic pollution on the Tunisian coast. The present study is the first to evaluate the effect of environmental trace element bioaccumulation on the redox status system (lipid peroxidation, neurotoxicity and biomarker responses) and the biochemical reserves in whole tissues of P. cultrifera from two sites in relation to seasonal variation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
⌅Study areas
⌅In the current study, sampling sites were chosen for the presence of P. cultrifera and the potential impact of pollution in the Gulf of Tunis. This gulf is located between the western Mediterranean basin and the western boundary of the eastern basin. The area is characterized by dynamic and diverse benthic communities, which have often been the subject of environmental studies (Antit 2012Antit M. 2012. Caractérisation des communautés des Mollusques dans des milieux littoraux de la baie de Tunis, Thèse de Doctorat, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 396 pp.). For a few years, the littoral of the Gulf of Tunis has been the focus of intensive agriculture, industry, urban development and tourism. Consequently, the coastal zone of the Gulf of Tunis has been submitted to the impact of many chemical and physical stressors (Tlili et al. 2013Tlili S., Minguez L., Giamberini L., et al. 2013. Assessment of the health status of Donax trunculus from the Gulf of Tunis using integrative biomarker indices. Ecol. Indic. 32: 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.04.003 ). Two sites in the Gulf of Tunis differing in their level of contamination were selected for this study (Fig. 1). The port of Rades (S1) (36°48.6’N, 10°17.1’E) is considered a polluted area because of its location in front of the industrial complex of Tunis Bay (chemical and metallurgic industries) and its intense maritime traffic (Antit 2012Antit M. 2012. Caractérisation des communautés des Mollusques dans des milieux littoraux de la baie de Tunis, Thèse de Doctorat, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 396 pp., Tlili et al. 2013Tlili S., Minguez L., Giamberini L., et al. 2013. Assessment of the health status of Donax trunculus from the Gulf of Tunis using integrative biomarker indices. Ecol. Indic. 32: 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.04.003 ). According to Souissi et al. (2000)Souissi S., Daly Yahia-Kéfi O., Daly Yahia M.N. 2000. Spatial characterization of nutrient dynamics in the Bay of Tunis (south western Mediterranean) using multivariate analyses: consequences for phyto- and zooplankton distribution. J. Plankton Res. 22: 2039-2059. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.11.2039 , the port of Rades is generally eutrophic because of the nutrient enrichment caused by urban and industrial discharges through the Rades canal and the influence of land-based inputs. However, the Punic port of Carthage (S2) (36°50’41.28’’N, 10°19’37.92’’E) is considered to have undergone eutrophication, which is caused by increased nutrient loading as a result of rapidly expanding human population growth in the region since 1990 (Aissaoui et al. 2014Aissaoui A., Dhib A., Reguera B., et al. 2014. First evidence of cell deformation occurrence during a Dinophysis bloom along the shores of the Gulf of Tunis (SW Mediterranean Sea). Harmful Algae 39: 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.07.017 ).
Sampling species and treatments
⌅About 40 individuals (n=40) of P. cultrifera (S1, 9.09±1.3 cm length and 0.58±0.05 g weight; S2, 10.04±0.98 cm length and 0.63±0.02 g weight) were seasonally collected by hand from the two study sites in 2017-2018. They were collected in a sandy-muddy substrate where the species lives under sandy stones or even in the mud (upper 20 cm depth). After collection, specimens were transported to the laboratory. P. cultrifera (n=6 of 20 pooled individuals each season) were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen for trace element quantification. All procedures of biomarker quantification were carried out at 0 to 4°C. As the influence of weight on biomarkers in different aquatic species has been previously reported, animals in the same tissue weight range were selected for the entire sampling period and for each site (Mouneyrac et al. 2000Mouneyrac C., Geffard A., Amiard J.C., et al. 2000. Metallothioneinlike proteins in Macoma balthica: effects of metal exposure and natural factors. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1139/f99-183 ). For each sampling period and site, specimens (n=20 individuals) were homogenized by hand in liquid nitrogen with a porcelain mortar and pestle. The powder obtained was then homogenized with a motorized grinder with 1.5 mL citrate buffer at pH 5.0 for analysis for glycogen and lipids. Prior to protein analysis, specimens were ground in Tris-HCL (Trizma-base hydrochloric acid) buffer (0.8 M, pH 7.2) and centrifuged at 9000 g for 30 min at 4°C. The obtained supernatants were stored at -80°C until analysis.
Physico-chemical parameters
⌅The physico-chemical parameters of the sampling areas were measured three times each season. Seawater temperature (T°C) was measured with a thermometer (model WTW.LF.325), salinity (S psu) was measured with salinity-conductivity (model WTW.LF.325) and pH was measured using a pH meter (model WTW.LF.325). The amounts of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were determined according to the method of Aminot and Chaussepied (1983)Aminot A., Chaussepied C. 1983. Manuel des analyses chimiques en milieu marin. Centre National d’Exploitation des Océans, Brest, 395 pp..
Trace element analysis
⌅Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were determined in dried tissue for 48 h at 60°C. Sample powders were mineralized in a closed microwave (Milestone Inc.) using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide mineralization. The resulting digestates were used to determine Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, PerkinElmer Inc.). The analytical procedure was checked using CRM-278R certified standard reference material. Results are expressed as mg per kg of dry weight. The extraction efficiencies for the tested trace elements were as follows: Cd=93%; Cu=94%; Pb=94%; and Zn=95%.
Biochemical analysis
⌅Protein quantification
⌅The protein content in the supernatant was determined according to the method of Bradford (1976)Bradford M. 1976. Rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72: 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3 using Coomassie Blue as a reagent. Results are detected at 700 m using a microplate reader (Corning 9017) and are expressed as mg per g of tissue.
Lipid quantification
⌅Total lipid concentration was analysed according to the method of Frings et al. (1972)Frings C.S., Fendley T.W., Dunn R.T., et al. 1972. Improved determination of total serum lipids by the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction. Clin. Chem. 18: 673-674. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/18.7.673 , using a sulfophosphovanillin reaction. The United States grade of olive oil (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) was used as a standard. Results were calculated by reference to a standard curve and expressed as mg/g of ww.
Glycogen quantification
⌅Glycogen concentrations were estimated in two aliquots of the homogenate, one of which was submitted to enzymatic digestion by amyloglucosidase according to Carr and Neff (1984)Carr R.S., Neff J.M. 1984. Quantitative semi-automated enzymatic assay for tissue glycogen. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B. 77: 447-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(84)90258-X . Data were expressed as mg/g of ww.
Lipids and glycogen values were measured using colorimetric spectroscopy on a 96-well microplate reader (Corning 9017) at 540 and 420 nm, respectively.
Biomarker analysis
⌅Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
⌅The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was measured spectrophotometrically according to the method described by Knight et al. (1988)Knight J.A., Pieper R.K., McClellan L. 1988. Specificity of the thiobarbituric acid reaction: its use in studies of lipid peroxidation. Clin. Chem. 34: 2433-2438. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.12.2433 . An aliquot of 0.5 mL of tissue extract supernatant was mixed with 1 mL of trichloro-acetic acid solution and centrifuged at 2500× g for 10 min. An aliquot of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) solution and 0.5 mL of supernatant was incubated for 45 min at 90°C and cooled. The absorbance of TBA-MDA complex was determined at 532 nm using a spectrophotometer. Lipid peroxidation was expressed as nmol of TBARS, using 1,1,3,3-tetra-ethoxypropane as standard. Results are expressed as nmols of MDA per mg of protein.
Acetylcholinesterase activity
⌅Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined according to the method described by Ellman et al. (1961)Ellman G.L., Courtney K.D., Andres V., et al. 1961. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol.7: 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9 . The method is based on a coupled enzyme reaction involving acetylthiocholine as the specific substrate for AChE and 5,5′-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoate as an indicator for the enzyme reaction. The enzymatic reaction rate was measured spectrophotometrically at 412 nm. Results are expressed as nmol of substrate per min per mg of protein.
Enzymatic antioxidants
⌅Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was determined according to Habig et al. (1974)Habig W.H., Pabst M.J., Jakoby W.B. 1974. Glutathione S-transferases, the first enzymatic stepin mercapturic acid formation. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 7130-7139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42083-8 , using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate and glutathione (GSH) in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. Absorbance was measured at 340 nm, and activities were expressed as nmol of conjugated product formed per min per mg of protein.
Catalase (CAT) activity was measured following the method described by Aebi (1984)Aebi H. 1984. Catalase in Vitro. Method. Enzymol. 105: 121-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3 as a result of the decrease in absorbance at 240 nm due to the consumption of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The results are expressed as µmol of H2O2 consumed per min per mg of protein.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was evaluated by spectrophotometrically methods at 560 nm based on Beauchamp and Fridovich (1971)Beauchamp C., Fridovich I. 1971. Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal. Biochem. 44: 276-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(71)90370-8 . The obtained results were expressed as U per mg of protein.
Non-enzymatic antioxidants
⌅Metallothionein (MT) level was estimated based on the method described by Viarengo et al. (1997)Viarengo A., Ponzano E., Dondero F., et al. 1997. A simple spectrophotometric method for metallothionein evaluation in marine organisms: an application to Mediterranean and Antartic molluscs. Mar. Environ. Res. 44: 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(96)00103-1 and modified by Petrovic et al. (2001)Petrovic S., Ozretic B., Krajnovic-Ozretic M., et al. 2001. Lysosomal membrane stability and metallothioneins in digestive gland of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.) as biomarkers in afield study. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42: 1373-1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00167-9 . The absorbance was determined at 412 nm. The results were expressed as µmol of GSH per mg of protein.
Reduced GSH level in the P. cultrifera tissue was analysed at 412 nm by the Ellman (1959)Ellman G.L. 1959. Tissue sulhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82: 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6 method modified by Jollow et al. (1974)Jollow D.J., Mitchell J.R., Zampaglione N., et al. 1974. Bromobenzene-induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3,4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatotoxic metabolite. Pharmacology 11: 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000136485 , and the results were expressed as nmol per mg of protein.
Data analysis
⌅Risk assessment trace metal indices
⌅To compare trace element levels in each sampled individual for overall spatial and temporal variability, the metal pollution index (MPI) was determined as described by Usero et al. (2005)Usero J., Morillo J., Gracia I. 2005. Heavy metal concentrations in molluscs from the Atlantic coast of southern Spain. Chemosphere. 59: 1175-1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.089 :
where Cfn is the concentration of TEs n in the P. cultrifera tissue.
Statistical analysis
⌅The results are expressed as means ± standard deviation (sd). The experimental data were initially tested for normality and homogeneity to meet the statistical demands. The statistical analysis between the tested population and seasons was performed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test and the observed difference at p<0.05 was considered significant. The whole data set of the biomarker responses, metal accumulation and biochemical contents in P. cultrifera was processed statistically by principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation matrix using STATISTICA software (version 13.2).
RESULTS
⌅Abiotic parameters
⌅The physico-chemical parameters are presented in Table 1. The most variation was recorded in summer, as evidenced by significantly lower T°C, SPM and Chl a in S2 than in S1 (p<0.05; one-way ANOVA). Additionally, only SPM was significantly lower in S2 in spring (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA) and autumn (p<0.01, one-way ANOVA). However, in winter, no change was noticed between the sampling sites. Summer exhibited the highest values of T°C and SPM and the lowest values of Chl a for both the sampling sites (p<0.01, one-way ANOVA).
| Sites | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature (°C) | |||||
| Salinity (psu) | |||||
| pH | |||||
| Suspended matter (mg/L) | |||||
| Chlorophyll a (µg/cm3) |
The
results are represented as mean ± sd (n=3).
The statistical differences
between sampling sites are represented at 5%: *p<0.05; **p<0.01;
***p<0.001 using one-way ANOVA.
The statistical differences between
seasons are represented at 5%: #p<0.05; ##p<0.01; ###p<0.001
using one-way ANOVA.
Trace element concentrations in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅The metal concentrations recorded in P. cultrifera are presented in Table 2. Zn exhibited the highest content followed by Cu, Cd and Pb. There was a significantly higher accumulation of Cd, Zn and Cu in spring in P. cultrifera from S1 than from S2 (p<0.01, one-way ANOVA). Also, Zn and Cu were significantly higher in P. cultrifera collected from S1 in summer (p<0.01, one-way ANOVA). Only Cd and Zn were higher in the P. cultrifera from S1 than from S2 in the cold seasons (autumn and winter, respectively). The greatest accumulation was observed in summer for both P. cultrifera populations (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA).
| μg g-1 of DW | Sites | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | CRM 278R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd | 0.34±0.00 | |||||
| Zn | 83.100±1.7 | |||||
| Cu | 9.45±0.13 | |||||
| Pb | 2.00±0.04 |
The
results are represented as mean ± sd (n=6 pooled individuals).
The
statistical differences between sampling sites are represented at 5%:
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 using one-way ANOVA.
The
statistical differences between seasons are represented at 5%:
#p<0.05; ##p<0.01; ###p<0.001 using one-way ANOVA.
Risk assessment of trace metals in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅MPI values are presented in Figure 2. Our results demonstrated that this index was significantly higher in P. cultrifera from S1 in spring, summer and autumn (p<0.001, one-way ANOVA). However, no change was recorded in winter.
Proximate composition in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅Glycogen contents
⌅Glycogen content was significantly higher in S2 than in S1 in spring and autumn (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA), but no significant variation was observed in summer and winter. A significant decrease was observed in summer in both S1 (p<0.01, one-way ANOVA) and S2 (p<0.001, one-way ANOVA) (Fig. 3A).
Lipids contents
⌅Lipid content was higher in S2 than in S1 in spring, summer and winter (p<0.01, one-way ANOVA). However, no significant variation was observed in autumn. Lipid content was highest in winter for both populations, while only S1 showed a significant decrease in lipid content in summer (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA) (Fig. 3B).
Protein contents
⌅Protein content was significantly higher in S2 than in S1 (Fig. 3C) across seasons, but was significantly lower in summer for both populations (p<0.001, one-way ANOVA).
Biomarker responses
⌅Thiobarbaturic acid level in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅TBARS levels in P. cultrifera collected from S1 and S2 are presented in Table 3. Our results showed significantly higher TBARS levels in spring (53%), summer (65%) and autumn (64%) in S1 than in S2. However, in winter the levels of TBARS remained invariable between the populations. The highest levels were recorded in summer in S1 (5.01±0.14) and S2 (3.63±0.32) (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA).
| Parameters | Sites | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TBARS | S1 | 2.39±0.12 | 5.01±0.14### | 1.71±0.26 | 1.79±0.41 |
| S2 | 1.58±0.31* | 3.63±0.32* | 1.02±0.13 | 1.33±0.46 | |
| AChE | S1 | 29.39±2.90 | 17.55±1.91 | 18.58±1.99 | 52.78±2.53### |
| S2 | 36.19±1.16 | 23.56±3.1* | 19.32±1.97 | 57.50±2.77 | |
| MTs | S1 | 0.07±0.00 | 0.14±0.01## | 0.07±0.00 | 0.04±0.00 |
| S2 | 0.05±0.00*** | 0.11±0.00*** | 0.06±0.00* | 0.04±0.00 | |
| GSH | S1 | 0.40±0.05 | 0.55±0.09### | 0.32±0.08 | 0.17±0.042 |
| S2 | 0.24±0.02*** | 0.44±0.06* | 0.28±0.03 | 0.15±0.015 | |
| SOD | S1 | 5.12±0.87 | 6.93±0.56 | 3.27±0.46 | 1.90±0.352### |
| S2 | 2.61±0.57*** | 6.14±0.64* | 2.76±0.35* | 1.67±0.184 | |
| CAT | S1 | 53.73±2.66 | 101.90±3.78### | 46.80±9.49 | 41.49±1.05 |
| S2 | 49.10±9.02* | 83.17±6.78** | 33.71±8.60* | 30.16±2.43* | |
| GST | S1 | 57.58±2.82 | 190.30±6.09### | 33.49±1.45 | 41.41±1.69 |
| S2 | 48.98±3.85 | 138.93±4.58*** | 29.12±8.92 | 21.83±9.95 |
The
results are represented as mean ± sd (n=20 individuals).
The statistical
differences between sampling sites are represented at 5%: *p<0.05;
**p<0.01; ***p<0.001 using one-way ANOVA.
The statistical
differences between seasons are represented at 5%: #p<0.05;
##p<0.01; ###p<0.001 using one-way ANOVA.
TBARS, thiobarbituric
acid; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; MTs, metallothionein; GSH,
glutathione; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GST,
glutathione-S-transferase.
Acetylcholinesterase activity in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅Seasonal variations in AChE activity in P. cultrifera tissues are presented in Table 3. Our results revealed significantly lower AChE activities in S1 than in S2 in spring, summer and winter (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA). However, a similar trend of AChE activity was observed between S1 and S2 in autumn. AChE activity appeared to be significantly lower in summer and autumn in both populations (p<0.001, one-way ANOVA).
Enzymatic antioxidants
⌅Glutathione S-transferase activity in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅GST activity in P. cultrifera tissues is presented in Table 3. GST activity was significantly higher in summer (36%) and winter (89%) in S1 than in S2. However, no significant change was observed in spring and autumn. GST activity higher in both populations was significantly in summer than in the other seasons (p<0.001, one-way ANOVA).
Catalase activity in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅CAT activity in both studied populations is summarized in Table 3. CAT activity was significantly higher in S1 than in S2 in all seasons (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA). CAT activity in both populations was significantly higher in summer (p<0.001, one-way ANOVA) than in the other seasons (p<0.01, one-way ANOVA).
Superoxide dismutase activity in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅SOD activity was significantly higher in S1 than in S2 in spring (48%), summer (11%) and autumn (15%) (Table 3). SOD activity was significantly higher in spring and summer in both populations (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA).
Non-enzymatic antioxidants
⌅Metallothionein (MT) level in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅The MT level was significantly higher in summer than in the other seasons for both populations (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA). The MT level was 40% and 21% higher in S1 than in S2 in spring and summer, respectively (Table 3). However, no significant difference was observed between the sites in autumn and winter.
Glutathione level in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅Summer showed the highest GSH level in both populations (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA). The results for GSH levels of P. cultrifera tissues are presented in Table 3. Although GSH levels were higher in S1 than in S2 in spring (40%) and summer (20%), they were not statistically different in autumn and winter.
Principal component analysis
⌅The results of the PCA are presented in Figure 4, which has input from key factor axes and shows the correlation circle and the projection of individuals (seasons) on the factorial design (1: 2). This analysis allowed us to retain the first two factorial axes, which explained 68.81% of the total variance. The first axis contributed the maximum dispersion (50.49% of the total) and correlated negatively with CAT, GST, TBARS, GSH, MTs, SOD, Cd, temperature, salinity, and SPM (Fig. 4). However, only protein, glycogen and Chl a were correlated positively with the first axis. The second axis was described by 18.32% of the total dispersion. This axis showed a positive correlation with Zn, Cu and pH and a negative correlation with lipid content. The screening of individuals (sites/seasons) on the same factorial showed different clusters. The first sone, which included specimens taken from S1 and S2 in summer, coincided with the higher levels of TBARS, GSH, GST, CAT, Cd, Zn, salinity, temperature and SPM. Also, specimens taken from S2 in winter were showed a high lipid content and AChE activity. However, data observed at both S1 and S2 in spring, autumn and winter (only for S1) showed the highest activity of Cu, glycogen, Chl a and protein.
Correlation matrix between trace metals and tested parameters in P. cultrifera tissues
⌅The statistical analyses were performed between the tested parameters and the study sites (Table 4). The correlations were recorded between Cd, Zn Cu, Pb and all of the redox status parameters. AChE activity and protein, glycogen and lipid content showed significant negative correlations with temperature (p<0.05), salinity (p<0.01), suspended matter (p<0.01) and trace metals accumulation (p<0.05) in P. cultifera from the Tunisian harbours. All tested parameters (CAT, GST, TBARS, GSH, MTs and SOD) were positively correlated with the abiotic parameters and the trace metal concentrations (r≥ 0.320; p<0.05).
| T°C | S psu | SPM | Cd | Zn | Cu | Pb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAT | 0.327* | 0.327* | - | - | - | - | - |
| AChE | -0.529** | 0.544** | 0.364* | - | -0.540** | -0.590* | - |
| GST | 0.520** | - | - | - | 0.458** | - | - |
| TBARS | 0.641** | 0.320* | - | 0.451* | - | - | - |
| CSH | 0.588** | 0.509** | 0.405* | 0.536** | 0.557** | - | - |
| MTs | 0.607** | 0.666** | 0.555** | 0.510** | 0.418* | - | - |
| SOD | 0.689** | 0.478** | 0.601** | 0.532** | 0.558** | - | - |
| Proteins | - | - | -0.678*** | -0.547** | - | - | - |
| Lipids | -0.736*** | -0.523** | -0.772*** | - | -0.644*** | -0.443* | - |
| Glycogen | -0.451* | - | -0.582** | - | - | - | - |
TBARS,
thiobarbituric acid; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; MTs, metallothionein;
GSH, glutathione; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GST,
glutathione-S-transferase; T°C, temperature; S psu, salinity; SPM,
suspended matter; Cd, cadmium; Zn, zinc; Cu, cooper; Pb, lead.
The
significant correlation is presented by *p<0.05; **p<0.01 and
***p<0.001.
DISCUSSION
⌅Over the past decades, aquatic ecosystems have suffered from an increase in anthropogenic pollution due to the presence of toxic contaminants (hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals) and other environmental factors (hypoxia, changes in temperature and salinity) (Campillo et al. 2013Campillo J.A., Albentosa M.N., Valdes J., et al. 2013. Impact assessment of agricultural inputs into a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain) on transplanted clams (Ruditapes decussatus) by biochemical and physiological responses. Aquat. Toxicol. 142-143: 365-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.09.012 ). Several studies have revealed the effectiveness of marine invertebrates such as P. cultrifera as a bioindicator and sentinel organisms for toxicological studies in coastal waters (Guemouda et al. 2014Guemouda M., Meghlaoui Z., Daas T., et al. 2014. Monitoring pollution in East Algerian coasts using biochemical markers in the polychaete annelid Perinereis cultrifera. Ann. Biol. Res. 5: 31-40., Snani et al. 2015Snani M., Meghlaoui Z., Maamcha O., et al. 2015. Laying period and biomarkers of the polychaete Perinereis cultrifera from the eastern coast of Algeria subjected to marine pollution. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 3: 249-254., Meghlaoui et al. 2015Meghlaoui Z., Guemouda M., Snani M., et al. 2015. Effect of oil pollution on polychaete annelids in the Algerian East coast. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 3: 339-343.). They are known to accumulate metals in their tissues and survive in contaminated environments, and they are herbivores, have sensitivity and resistance to contaminants and are relatively easy to collect, handle, culture and transport (King et al. 2004King C.K., Dowse M.C., Simpson S.L., et al. 2004. An assessment of five Australian polychaetes and bivalves for use in whole-sediment toxicity tests: toxicity and accumulation of copper and zinc from water and sediment. Arch. Environ. Con. Toxicol. 47: 314-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-3122-1 ).
Spatial and temporal variations in metal concentrations were observed between the two sampling sites of the port of Rades (S1) and the Punic port of Carthage (S2), most likely resulting from the high temperature and evaporation, because in summer metal accumulation shows a significant positive correlation with water parameters such as temperature (p<0.05). The difference in accumulation of metals in the two populations probably indicated the anthropogenic discharges of industrial activities and maritime traffic in the port of Rades. In agreement with this hypothesis, several studies have shown a high accumulation of metals in polychaetes during the warm season. Rouhi et al. (2007)Rouhi A., Sif J., Ferssiwi A., et al. 2007. Bioaccumulation de quelques éléments métalliques par deux espèces d’Annélides Polychètes du littoral de Jorf Lasfar (région d’El Jadida, Maroc). Bull. Inst. Sci. Rabat. 29: 81-87. demonstrated that in spring and summer metals were accumulated mostly in the whole soft tissues of two polychaete species (Sabellaria alveolata and Arenicola grubii) collected from the coastline of Jorf Lasfar, Morocco. These findings are probably related to environmental factors and the physiological activity of the animals. Furthermore, Bat et al. (2019)Bat L., Şahin F., Öztekin A. 2019. Assessment of heavy metals pollution in water and sediments and Polychaetes in Sinop shores of the Black Sea. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg. 22: 806-816. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v22i45606.535882 showed a significant difference of metal accumulation between seasons in polychaetes on the shores of Sinop in the Black Sea.
As a metal binding protein, metallothionein (MT), a non-enzymatic antioxidant rich in cysteine and with a low molecular weight, plays a key role in cell defence in addition to ROS generation (Viarengo et al. 1999Viarengo A., Burlando B., Cavaletto M., et al. 1999. Role of metallothionein against oxidative stress in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Am. J. Physiol. 277: 1612-1619. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.6.R1612 ). Our data showed a higher MT level in S1 than in S2, probably reflecting an adaptative response of the sampled species to the toxic effects induced by trace metal accumulation. This result was confirmed by a positive correlation between MT level and the tested metals in P. cultrifera tissue (Cd: 0.510; Zn: 0.418). Our results were correlated with those of Suriya et al. (2012)Suriya J., Bharathiraja S., Sekar V., et al. 2012. Metallothionein induction and antioxidative responses in the estuarine polychaeta Capitella capitata (Capitellidae). Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2: 1052-1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60360-8 and Won et al. (2008)Won E.J., Raisuddin S., Shin K.H. 2008. Evaluation of induction of metallothionein-like proteins (MTLPs) in the polychaetes for biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution in marine sediments. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 57: 544-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.025 , who demonstrated that trace metal accumulation can generate ROS in Capitella capitela and Perinereis nunta, which in turn contributes to an enhancement of MT level.
Environmental agents such as metals generate intracellular imbalance and stimulate ROS, causing oxidative stress. The biological targets for these highly reactive oxygen species are lipids and proteins, which cause oxidations through the generation of hydroxyl and free radicals from H2O2 via the Fenton reaction, and can adversely affect cells by producing lipid peroxidation of intracellular membranes (Bejaoui et al. 2019Bejaoui S., Fouzai C., Trabelsi W., et al. 2019. Evaluation of lead chloride toxicity on lipid profile in Venus verrucosa gills. Int. J. E. Res. 13: 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-019-00218-4 ). There is considerable evidence that lipid peroxidation, as measured by TBARS levels, could be proposed as a biomarker of membrane lipid damage because it is considered a by-product of lipid oxidative damage (Freitas et al. 2012Freitas R., Ramos Pinto L., Sampaio M., et al. 2012. Effects of depuration on the element concentration in bivalves: Comparison between sympatric Ruditapes decussates and Ruditapes philippinarum. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 110: 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.01.011 ). Our data show lower lipid content in S1 than in S2, which correlates with the increase in the TBARS level mainly in summer. This increase in the TBARS level and decreases in lipid content appears to be due to metal uptake, which accelerates the ability to scavenge ROS by extreme production of lipid peroxides resulting from alteration of membrane fluidity and integrity (Chetoui et al. 2019Chetoui I., Bejaoui S., Trabelsi W., et al. 2019. Exposure of Mactra corallina to acute doses of lead: effects on redox status, fatty acid composition and histomorphological aspect. Drug Chem. Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2019.1693590 ). Previous studies conducted on polychaetes such as Hediste diversicolor from contaminated sites on the southwestern Iberian coast (Gomes et al. 2013Gomes T., Gonzalez-Rey M., Rodriguez-Romero A., et al. 2013. Biomarkers in Nereis diversicolor (Polychaeta: Nereididae) as management tools for environmental assessment on the southwest Iberian coast. Sci. Mar. 77S1: 69-78. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03731.27F ) and the Oued Souss estuary in the Bay of Agadir, Morocco (Ait Alla et al. 2006Ait Alla A., Mouneyrac C., Durou C., et al. 2006. Tolerance and biomarkers as useful tools for assessing environmental quality in the Oued Souss estuary (Bay of Agadir, Morocco). Comp. Biochem. Phys. C. 143: 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.11.015 ) revealed similar increases in TBARS levels. This may be linked to several factors, including metal concentration (Cd, Pb, etc.) and environmental changes (temperature, salinity, etc.), as described by Sun and Zhou (2008)Sun F., Zhou Q. 2008. Oxidative stress biomarkers of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor exposed to cadmium and petroleum hydrocarbons. Ecotox. Environ. Safe.70: 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.04.014 and Freitas et al. (2015)Freitas R., Pires A., Velez C., et al. 2015. The effects of salinity changes on the Polychaete Diopatra neapolitana: impacts on regenerative capacity and biochemical markers. Aquat. Toxicol.163: 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.04.006 on Hediste diversicolor and Diopatra neapolitana, respectively. Also, Zhao et al. (2013)Zhao S., Feng C., Wang D., et al. 2013. Salinity increases the mobility of Cd, Cu, Mn, and Pb in the sediments of Yangtze Estuary: relative role of sediments’ properties and metal speciation. Chemosphere 91: 977-984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.001 found that a high salinity level may increase the potential ecological risk of metal accumulation by generating chemical mobility, thus crossing the biological barriers and interacting with the components of the cellular membranes, causing alterations in their permeability and lipid peroxidation. Our results also showed a significant positive correlation between TBARS levels and Cd (0.735), salinity (0.420) and temperature (0.641) for polychaetes collected from S2.
Several studies have demonstrated that trace metal accumulation in marine organisms alters their biochemical composition, including proteins and glycogen (Bejaoui et al. 2019Bejaoui S., Fouzai C., Trabelsi W., et al. 2019. Evaluation of lead chloride toxicity on lipid profile in Venus verrucosa gills. Int. J. E. Res. 13: 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-019-00218-4 ). Among these macromolecules, proteins are abundant in biological tissues, having high rate constants for reaction with many species, which is why these proteins are the main target for biological oxidants (Wang et al. 2019Wang k., Jiang J., Lei Y., et al. 2019. Targeting Metabolic-Redox Circuits for Cancer Therapy. Trends Biochem. Sci. 44: 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2019.01.001 ). Therefore, oxidant formation is the main consequence of protein damage both externally and within cells. The occurrence of protein reduction in the P. cultrifera tissues from S1 was probably due to excess free radical generation under metal accumulation. Both high lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation may be due to metal contamination, as reported in Mytillus galloprovincialis by Bouki et al. (2013)Bouki E., Dimitriadis V.K., Kaloyianni M., et al. 2013. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant challenge of tannic acid in mussel hemocytes exposed to cadmium. Mar. Environ. Res. 85: 591-604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.12.005 , who suggested that metal contamination affects the amount of protein and increases TBARS levels. Our data show a similar glycogen content between the two sampled harbours in summer and winter, whereas in spring and autumn content was higher in S2. Our results were in accordance with those of previous studies carried out on aquatic organisms, which showed that proximate composition decreased when species were exposed to anthropogenic pollution (Douhri and Sayah 2009Douhri H., Sayah F. 2009. The use of enzymatic biomarkers in two marine invertebrates Nereis diversicolor and Patella vulgata for the biomonitoring of Tangier’s bay (Morocco). Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 72: 394-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.07.016 , Bejaoui et al. 2019Bejaoui S., Fouzai C., Trabelsi W., et al. 2019. Evaluation of lead chloride toxicity on lipid profile in Venus verrucosa gills. Int. J. E. Res. 13: 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-019-00218-4 ).
The effect of environmental metal pollution on P. cultrifera tissue mechanism was also assessed through AChE activity. AChE is present in the neuromuscular junctions and cholinergic synapses of the central nervous system and terminates the signal transmission by hydrolysing acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter that conducts nerve impulses across neuromuscular junctions (Lodish et al. 2000Lodish H., Berk A., Zipursky S.L., et al. 2000. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. freeman.). Its inhibition can be seen as an early warning biomarker of contaminant risks (Cravo et al. 2012Cravo A., Pereira C., Gomes T., et al. 2012. A multibiomarker approach in the clam Ruditapes decussatus to assess the impact of pollution in the Ria Formosa lagoon, South Coast of Portugal. Mar. Environ. Res. 75: 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.012 ). Our results showed inhibition of AChE activity in specimens taken from the port of Rades. Snani et al. (2015)Snani M., Meghlaoui Z., Maamcha O., et al. 2015. Laying period and biomarkers of the polychaete Perinereis cultrifera from the eastern coast of Algeria subjected to marine pollution. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 3: 249-254. suggest that the decrease in AChE release could be induced by the accumulation of trace metals in Perinereis cultrifera from the eastern coast of Algeria. Similar observations have been reported in Hediste diversicolor and Patella vulgate collected from polluted sites of Bay of Tangier in Morocco (Douhri and Sayah 2009Douhri H., Sayah F. 2009. The use of enzymatic biomarkers in two marine invertebrates Nereis diversicolor and Patella vulgata for the biomonitoring of Tangier’s bay (Morocco). Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 72: 394-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.07.016 ). In addition, our results showed increases in AChE activity in winter and decreases in summer. Moulton et al. (1996)Moulton W.N., Howard T., Pruett M. 1996. Business Failure Pathways: Environmental Stress and Organizational Response. J. Manage. 22: 571-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(96)90025-2 showed that high environmental temperature caused the inhibition of AChE activity in Elliptio complenata mussels. Additionally, Scaps and Borot (2000)Scaps P., Borot O. 2000. Acetylcholinesterase activity of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor: effects of temperature and salinity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 125: 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-8413(00)00087-6 demonstrated that salinity and temperature can also affect acetylcholinesterase activity in Hediste diversicolor.
At the cellular level, the functional changes in redox statistics induced by ROS production leads to alterations in cellular metabolism. This damaging action greatly increases the responses of enzymes antioxidants such as SOD, GST CAT and GSH levels (Cravo et al. 2012Cravo A., Pereira C., Gomes T., et al. 2012. A multibiomarker approach in the clam Ruditapes decussatus to assess the impact of pollution in the Ria Formosa lagoon, South Coast of Portugal. Mar. Environ. Res. 75: 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.012 ). SOD, CAT and GST are three major antioxidant enzymes in the cells. #SOD is the primary defence line against oxygen‐derived free radicals and catalyses the dismutation of the superoxide anion (O2 −·) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which changes into H2O and O2 through CAT# (Ma et al. 2017Ma X., Deng D., Chen W. 2017. Inhibitors and Activators of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT. In: Sentürk M. (ed.), Enzyme Inhibitors and Activators, Intech. Open. https://doi.org/10.5772/65936 ). CAT is one of the enzymes involved in reduction of H2O2 via the Fenton reaction (Chance et al. 1979Chance B., Sies H., Boveris A. 1979. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol. Rev. 59: 527-605. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1979.59.3.527 ). GST protects cells against trace element-induced toxicity by deactivating the cytotoxic and genotoxic compounds, catalysing the S-conjugation and reducing GSH (Salinas and Wong 1999Salinas A.E., Wong M.G. 1999.Glutathione S-transferases-a review. Curr. Med. Chem. 6: 279 309.).
We found higher SOD and CAT activity in S1 than in S2, most probably reflecting an adaptive response of those species to remove the harmful effects of ROS generation against environmental stressors, as reported by Carregosa et al. (2014)Carregosa V., Velez C., Soares A.M.V.M., et al. 2014. Physiological and biochemical responses of three Veneridae clams exposed to salinity changes. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B. 177-178: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.08.001 . In addition, increased activities have been reported in several fish and invertebrate species collected from polluted sites (Jebali et al. 2007Jebali J., Banni M., Alves de Almeida E., et al. 2007. Oxidative DNA damage levels clam Ruditapes decussatus as pollution biomarkers of Tunisian marine environment. Environ. Monit. Assess. 124: 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9217-6 , Bejaoui et al. 2020Bejaoui S., Michan C., Telahigue K., et al. 2020. Metal body burden and tissue oxidative status in the bivalve Venerupis decussata from Tunisian coastal lagoons. Mar. Environ. Res. 159: 105000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105000 ). As shown in the study of Ait Alla et al. (2006)Ait Alla A., Mouneyrac C., Durou C., et al. 2006. Tolerance and biomarkers as useful tools for assessing environmental quality in the Oued Souss estuary (Bay of Agadir, Morocco). Comp. Biochem. Phys. C. 143: 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.11.015 , these enzymatic activities increased in Hediste diversicolor collected from the Oued Souss (Bay of Agadir, Morocco) before implantation of wastewater treatment. Douhri and Sayah (2009)Douhri H., Sayah F. 2009. The use of enzymatic biomarkers in two marine invertebrates Nereis diversicolor and Patella vulgata for the biomonitoring of Tangier’s bay (Morocco). Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 72: 394-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.07.016 also reported an increase in CAT activity in two marine invertebrates, Hediste diversicolor and Patella vulgate, taken from polluted sites of the Bay of Tangier in Morocco. Our findings are also similar to those obtained for P. cultrifera collected from three sites impacted with different levels of anthropogenic pollution on the eastern coasts of Algeria (Guemouda et al. 2014Guemouda M., Meghlaoui Z., Daas T., et al. 2014. Monitoring pollution in East Algerian coasts using biochemical markers in the polychaete annelid Perinereis cultrifera. Ann. Biol. Res. 5: 31-40.). The increase in enzymatic activities could also be explained by the higher concentration of bio-accumulated metals, which causes oxidative stress and an antioxidant response (Gaete et al. 2017Gaete H., Álvarez M., Lobos G., et al. 2017. Assessment of oxidative stress and bioaccumulation of the metals Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd in the polychaete Perinereis gualpensis from estuaries of central Chile. Ecotox. Environ. Safe.145: 653-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.073 ). However, a significant correlation was observed between Cd, Zn and SOD activity as well as Zn and GST activity (Table 4), suggesting that these metals are bioavailable and responsible for the variation in enhancement of the activities of these antioxidants.
The results of seasonal variations in GST activity at each site showed that it was highest in summer and higher in the port of Rades (S1) than the Punic port of Carthage (S2) throughout the study period (p<0.05). In addition, this enzyme plays a role in cellular protection against oxidative stress, which can be triggered by pollutants such as metals, PCBs and PAHs (Michel et al. 1998Michel X., Narbonne J.F., Mora P., et al. 1998. Utilisation de biomarqueurs pour la surveillance de la qualité de l’environnement. In: Lagadic L., Caquet T., Amiard J.C., et al. (eds), Lavoisier Tec & Doc, Paris, New York, Londres, pp. 9-30.). These findings are similar to those obtained for the worms Hediste diversicolor collected from the polluted estuary of the Seine (Durouet al. 2007Durou C., Smith B.D., Romeo M., et al. 2007. From biomarkers to population responses in Nereis diversicolor: Assessment of stress in estuarine ecosystems. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 66: 402-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.02.016 ). To substantiate the mechanisms underlying trace metal accumulation, GSH was also examined. This non-enzymatic antioxidant is the most important cytosolic sulfhydryl compound that acts as a reducing and protective agent against intensive toxic substances, including trace metals through their -SH groups (Das et al. 2017Das D., Moniruzzaman M., Sarbajna A., et al. 2017. Effect of heavy metals on tissue-specific antioxidant response in Indian major carps. Environ. Sci. Pollu. Res. 24: 18010-18024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9415-5 ). Our results showed a higher GSH level in S1 than in S2, which could be a result of increased synthesis and neutralization of ROS via the thiol group. Dissimilar studies on polychaetes have shown a decrease in GSH level in relation to trace metal accumulation (Lv et al. 2016Lv L., Dong X., Lv F., et al. 2016.Antioxidant enzymes responses of polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis following chronic exposure to 17β-estradiol. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 15: 552-557. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2016.1194172 ). According to the above results, the significant relationship between antioxidant biomarkers (mainly GSH, SOD and GST) and the concentrations of metals (mainly Cd and Zn) in P. cultrifera tissue suggest the activation of the mechanisms of detoxification due to the generation of ROS. These findings are similar to those obtained by Cataldo et al. (2011)Cataldo J., Hidalgo M.E., Neaman A., et al. 2011. Use of molecular biomarkers in Eisenia foetida to assess copper toxicity in agricultural soils affected by mining activities. J. Soil. Sci. Plant. Nut.11: 57-70. in earthworms at sites contaminated by metals and by Gaete et al. (2017)Gaete H., Álvarez M., Lobos G., et al. 2017. Assessment of oxidative stress and bioaccumulation of the metals Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd in the polychaete Perinereis gualpensis from estuaries of central Chile. Ecotox. Environ. Safe.145: 653-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.073 in Perinereis gualpensis from estuaries of central Chile.
CONCLUSION
⌅In conclusion, in different seasons and geographical locations P. cultrifera shows different physiological responses. In this study, we have assessed the effects of anthropogenic pollution in terms of metal accumulation, antioxidant response and alteration in proximate composition in relation to seasonal change in P. cultrifera tissues. The results clearly show that S1 is more affected by anthropic pollution than S2. Our study has identified some insights into anthropogenic pollution at the harbour sites, but further studies on metal accumulation in sediments and exposure of P. cultrifera to metals are still required to provide general information about the health status of these coastal harbours.