Just 20 years have passed since González (1995) finished one of his seminal works on decapod crustaceans of the Canary Islands, thanks to the help of the reputed carcinologists L.B. Holthuis and C.H.J.M. Fransen. This publication allowed d’Udekem d’Acoz (1999) to include the Canarian decapods in his inventory of the NE Atlantic. No checklists of decapod fauna specifically covering this area have been published since then, and an update is needed. The current list of Canarian brachyuran crabs comprises 132 species. Additional species have been recorded thanks to intensified research into deep water, natural range expansions from nearby areas, introduction by anthropogenic activities and description of new taxa; several of these changes are detailed in this review. Although the description of new brachyuran species is not expected to occur at a significant rate, an increase in the number of species from the Canaries is expected to result from trawling and dredging sampling, as well as from introduction of non-native species. For the first time, some zoogeographic comments on the Canarian brachyuran carcinofauna are made. Finally, crab species of commercial interest are listed, their current threats are identified and some updated conservation measures are proposed.
Se cumplen 20 años desde que González (1995) publicó uno de sus trabajos seminales sobre crustáceos decápodos de Canarias, gracias a la ayuda de los reputados carcinólogos L.B. Holthuis y C.H.J.M. Fransen. Dicha publicación permitió a d’Udekem d’Acoz (1999) incluir los decápodos canarios en su inventario del Atlántico NE. Desde entonces no ha sido publicada ninguna lista completa de decápodos que cubra específicamente esta área y es necesaria una actualización. La lista actual de braquiuros canarios consta de 132 especies. Otras especies han sido citadas debido a la intensificación de las investigaciones dirigidas a aguas profundas, expansiones naturales de su rango de distribución desde áreas cercanas, introducciones causadas por actividades antropogénicas y a descripción de nuevas especies; algunos de estos cambios se detallan en esta revisión. Aunque no se espera que la descripción de nuevos braquiuros se produzca a un ritmo significativo, es esperable un incremento en el número de especies en Canarias como resultado de muestreos con arrastre bentónico y dragas y de la introducción de especies exóticas. Por primera vez, se realizan consideraciones zoogeográficas sobre la carcinofauna de braquiuros de Canarias. Por último, las especies de interés comercial son listadas, sus amenazas actuales identificadas y se proponen algunas medidas de conservación.
Just 20 years have passed since
The Canary archipelago is an overseas Spanish territory and an outermost European Region placed in the eastern-central Atlantic. This archipelago is situated in front of the northwestern coast of Africa, fairly close to the continents of Europe and Africa (104 km from Cape Juby, Morocco) but separated from them by great depths (
Geomorphological, geographical and oceanographic particularities of the Canaries could explain the great diversity in the biogeographic patterns of the biota inhabiting this area. These physical and biodiversity characteristics, together with the climatic condition of the Canary Islands—a temperate-subtropical area—compared with the surrounding region highlight the uniqueness of the Canary Islands and their oceanographic connectivity to the adjacent waters (e.g.
The sustainable use of marine resources and their conservation measures is a major goal on national and international policy agendas (e.g.
After the work of
The systematic research landscape on decapod crustaceans has changed drastically in the last few decades. A great number of changes concerning the brachyuran crustacean species found around the Canary Islands have also taken place. These changes are due to systematic modifications, non-confirmed presence or newly recorded species for the area. Today’s most widely used classifications have all appeared after the work of
The present work summarizes all changes in Canarian brachyuran carcinofauna since
For the compilation of this list, all publications since 1995 about the distribution of brachyuran crabs were checked, including previous lists for the Canary Islands region (
Some projects (DGXIV/C/1 94/034, CAMARON, PESCPROF 1-3, REDECA, AQUACRU, MARPROF) have provided us with deep-water crabs from the Canaries, collected with a panoply of fishing gear. Finally, many vouchers from the ‘Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife (TFMC)’, ‘Museu d’Historia Natural do Funchal (MMF)’, and the study collection of the ‘Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas’ (ICCM, now transferred to the ‘Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria’) were checked.
This checklist covers all marine brachyuran species present in the Canary Islands from the intertidal to deep water. As in previous regional studies on decapod crustaceans (
This updated systematic classification follows
All changes with respect to the catalogue by
Each crab species was classified as pelagic or benthic according to the main spatial distribution of their adults. Moreover, according to depth boundaries found around the Canary Islands (closely linked to regional oceanographic conditions determined by the water masses present) (
Each crab species was also assigned to a biogeographic pattern category adapted from
The species’ occurrence around the neighbouring archipelago of Madeira (to the north) and the Cape Verde Islands (to the south) has also been recorded. Apart from publications containing well-documented first records, the main references used to check the occurrence of the brachyuran species were
A total of 132 marine crab species are reported herein around the Canary Islands (including three species of doubtful presence and another three of probable occurrence). Their spatial distribution, depth boundary, bathymetric range and biogeographic pattern are presented in
Taxa / Species | Spatial distribution | Depth boundary | Bathymetric range | Biogeographic pattern | Canarian species also in | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canaries | Elsewhere | Madeira | Cape Verde | ||||
BRACHYURA Linnaeus, 1758 | |||||||
PODOTREMATA Guinot, 1977 | |||||||
DROMIOIDEA de Haan, 1833 | |||||||
Dromiidae de Haan, 1833 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-96 | 0-76 | TSEA | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 2-201 | 0-100 | EACT | likely | likely |
HOMOLOIDEA de Haan, 1839 | |||||||
Homolidae de Haan, 1839 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 40-324 | 2-637 | AAWD | X | X |
|
Benthic | MS | 733-1575 | 738-2195 | EACT | X | - |
|
Benthic | US | 120-860 | 10-1212 | EAWD | X | X |
Latreilliidae Stimpson, 1858 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 180-330 | 35-475 | ATLM | likely | X |
EUBRACHYURA de Saint Laurent, 1980 | |||||||
HETEROTREMATA Guinot, 1977 | |||||||
CALAPPOIDEA de Haan, 1833 | |||||||
Calappidae de Haan, 1833 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 15-80 | 15-218 | AAWA | - | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 15-300 | 10-400 | ATLM | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 2-89 | 2-75 | ECAI | X | X |
CANCROIDEA Latreille, 1802 | |||||||
Atelecyclidae Ortmann, 1893 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 65-278 | 0-795 | EAWD | - | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-51 | 0-51 | ATLM | likely | likely |
Cancridae Latreille, 1802 | |||||||
|
Benthic | US | 120-871 | 37-700 | EACT | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 150-400 | 0-520 | EACT | - | - |
DORIPPOIDEA MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
Dorippidae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 10-100 | 9-952 | EAWT | - | - |
Ethusidae Guinot, 1977 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 3-80 | 5-100 | ATLM | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 125-132 | 100-1013 | TSEA | - | X |
** |
Benthic | LS | ? | 2800-4265 | EACT | likely | X |
|
Benthic | LS | 2050-2083 | 1892-2400 | EACT | likely | - |
ERIPHIOIDEA MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
Eriphiidae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-6 | 0-6 | ATLM | X | - |
Oziidae Dana, 1851 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-20 | 0-35 | TSEA | X | X |
GONEPLACOIDEA MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
Euryplacidae Stimpson, 1871 | |||||||
* |
Benthic | ST | ? | 10-90 | TSEA | - | - |
Goneplacidae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
|
Benthic | US | 500-570 | 200-590 | TSEA | - | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 15-570 | 0-580 | EAWT | X | X |
Mathildellidae Karasawa and Kato, 2003 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 279-279 | - | AAWA | - | - |
Progeryonidae Števčić, 2005 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 130-160 | 20-30 | ATLM | X | - |
LEUCOSIOIDEA Samouelle, 1819 | |||||||
Leucosiidae Samouelle, 1819 | |||||||
** |
Benthic | ST | ? | 4-140 | TSEA | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 2-80 | 5-100 | ATLM | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-190 | 0-100 | ATLM | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | ? | ? | MAC | X | - |
|
Benthic | US | 540-2983 | 80-2983 | EACT | likely | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 40-300 | 12-110 | TSEA | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 30-180 | 0-199 | EACT | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 150-200 | 0-199 | EACT | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 162-162 | 0.5-80 | ATLM | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-107 | 5-132 | TSEA | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 100-150 | 40-629 | ATLM | X | - |
MAJOIDEA Samouelle, 1819 | |||||||
Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
Epialtinae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-7 | 0-110 | ECAI | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-15 | 0-90 | EAWT | X | X |
Pisinae Dana, 1851 | |||||||
|
Benthic | US | 100-500 | 100-730 | ATLM | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-54 | 0-80 | ATLM | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-20 | 0-75 | TSEA | - | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-3 | 0-110 | TSEA | - | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 41-82 | 18-162 | EAWT | likely | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 4-120 | 4-100 | EAWT | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 3-70 | 0-100 | ATLM | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 2-50 | 0-50 | ATLM | - | - |
|
Benthic | MS | 500-1059 | 400-1340 | EACT | X | - |
Inachidae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0 - >20 | 0-70 | ATLM | X | - |
|
Benthic | MS | 570-1163 | 106-2080 | COSM | likely | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 55-110 | 20-100 | ATLM | X | - |
|
Benthic | US | 540-540 | 0-749 | EAWD | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 60-125 | 36-325 | TSEA | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 45-80 | 29-118 | TSEA | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 0.5-35 | 0.5-160 | EACT | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 30-90 | 10-200 | ATLM | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 23-23 | 0-90 | EACT | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 5-50 | 3.5-140 | ATLM | - | - |
|
Benthic | MS | 821-821 | - | MAC | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 30-60 | 4-130 | ATLM | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 50-60 | - | MAC | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 25-82 | 20-90 | TSEA | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-100 | 0-193 | EAWD | likely | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 86-200 | 140-170 | MAC | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 2-273 | 5-96 | TSEA | X | X |
Majidae Samouelle, 1819 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 10-200 | 10-1216 | EAWD | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-72 | 0-91 | EAWT | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 50-287 | 27-250 | ATLM | - | - |
Oregoniidae Garth, 1958 | |||||||
|
Benthic | US | 420-570 | 70-1000 | ATLM | X | X |
PALICOIDEA Bouvier, 1898 | |||||||
Palicidae Bouvier, 1898 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 20-220 | 18-220 | ATLM | X | X |
PARTHENOPOIDEA MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
Parthenopidae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 45-125 | 22-550 | EAWT | likely | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 25-90 | 3-141 | ATLM | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 100-475 | 5-1478 | ATLM | likely | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 2-125 | 30-170 | ATLM | X | X |
PILUMNOIDEA Samouelle, 1819 | |||||||
Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-25 | 0-90 | EACT | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 200-250 | 5-400 | ATLM | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-20 | 1-179 | ATLM | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-20 | 0-20 | ATLM | X | - |
PORTUNOIDEA Rafinesque, 1815 | |||||||
Carcinidae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
* |
Benthic | ST | 10-10 | 1-26 | COSM | - | - |
* |
Benthic | ST | ? | 0-60 | EACT | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-3 | 0-30 | ATLM | likely | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 4-4 | 8-73 | TSEA | - | - |
Geryonidae Colosi, 1923 | |||||||
|
Benthic | US | 411-1350 | 130-2047 | EACT | X | X |
|
Benthic | LS | 2156-2156 | 1640-2500 | EACT | X | - |
|
Benthic | US | ? | 100-1000 | TSEA | - | X |
|
Benthic | US | 639-833 | 32-2220 | EACT | - | - |
Pirimelidae Alcock, 1899 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-15 | 0-250 | EACT | X | X |
Polybiidae Ortmann, 1893 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 30-100 | 15-226 | ATLM | X | - |
|
Benthic | US | 366-846 | 60-1410 | EACT | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 1-225 | 1-147 | EAWT | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 45-90 | 1-871 | EACT | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | <100 | 1-400 | EACT | likely | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 5-50 | 0-108 | EACT | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 20-30 | 0-455 | EACT | likely | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 35-100 | 0-150 | ATLM | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 23-80 | 5-80 | ATLM | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 100-150 | 48-748 | EACT | likely | - |
|
Pelagic | - | 0-5 | 2-1245 | EACT | likely | - |
Portunidae Rafinesque, 1815 | |||||||
Portuninae Rafinesque, 1815 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 5-10 | 6-37 | AAWA | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 2-60 | 2-40 | TSEA | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | ? | 4-73 | TSEA | X | X |
Thalamitinae Paul’son, 1875 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0.5-120 | 0.5-20 | PANT | - | X |
Thiidae Dana, 1852 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 5-50 | 0-110 | EACT | - | - |
PSEUDOZIOIDEA MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
Pseudoziidae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-23 | 6-30 | ECAI | X | X |
TRAPEZIOIDEA Miers, 1886 | |||||||
Domeciidae Ortmann, 1893 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-0 | 0-35 | ECAI | - | X |
XANTHOIDEA MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
Panopeidae Ortmann, 1893 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-8 | 0-140 | TSEA | - | X |
Xanthidae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
Actaeinae Alcock, 1898 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 5-82 | 0-200 | ATLM | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-45 | 0-91 | PANT | - | - |
Euxanthinae Alcock, 1898 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-0 | 0-17 | ECAI | - | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 20-500 | 0-1415 | EAWT | likely | X |
** |
Benthic | ST | ? | 11-510 | TSEA | X | - |
Xanthinae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-33 | 0-355 | TSEA | - | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-20 | 0-220 | AAWA | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 5-110 | 5-225 | TSEA | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-25 | 0-37 | ATLM | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-36 | 0-133 | EAWD | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-15 | 0-20 | ATLM | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-15 | 0-35 | TSEA | likely | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-7 | 0-15 | TSEA | X | X |
Zosiminae Alcock, 1898 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-30 | 0-30 | TSEA | X | - |
THORACOTREMATA Guinot, 1977 | |||||||
CRYPTOCHIROIDEA Paul’son, 1875 | |||||||
Cryptochiridae Paul’son, 1875 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 20-25 | 3-62 | TSEA | - | - |
GRAPSOIDEA MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
Grapsidae MacLeay, 1838 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-7 | 0-4 | TSEA | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-6 | 0-20 | ATLM | X | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-6 | 0-6 | ATLM | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-7 | 0-7 | PANT | X | X |
|
Pelagic | - | 0-31 | 0-31 | PANT | X | X |
Percnidae Števčić, 2005 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-29 | 5-29 | PANT | X | X |
Plagusiidae Dana, 1851 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 150-250 | 10-359 | EAWT | X | X |
|
Benthic | ST | 0-5 | 0-5 | AAWA | X | X |
Varunidae H. Milne-Edwards, 1853 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 1.5-1.5 | 0-2 | ATLM | - | - |
OCYPODOIDEA Rafinesque, 1815 | |||||||
Ocypodidae Rafinesque, 1815 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 0-2 | 0-2 | TSEA | - | X |
PINNOTHEROIDEA de Haan, 1833 | |||||||
Pinnotheridae de Haan, 1833 | |||||||
|
Benthic | ST | 2-25 | 6-250 | ATLM | - | - |
|
Benthic | ST | 38-38 | 0-150 | EACT | - | - |
Systematic changes have affected the taxonomical arrangement of Brachyura by
So, instead of the 20 crab families and 67 genera considered in
The current account of brachyuran crabs of the Canary Islands adds another 22 to the 108 valid species in
After
Some additional species are now present in Canarian waters, probably due to natural range expansions from nearby eastern Atlantic or Mediterranean areas:
The finding in 2011 of one single male of
Although
From the time when
Of the 132 brachyuran species occurring around the Canary Islands, 130 are benthic forms (
Of the 130 brachyuran benthic species occurring in the Canaries, 112 are forms of the shelf and transition area between shelf and slope (ST, 86.2%, mainly inhabiting at a depth interval of 0-300 m), 11 are upper slope species (US, 8.5%, mainly at a depth interval of 301-800 m), 4 are middle-slope species (MS, 3.1%, mainly at a depth interval of 801-2000 m), and 3 are lower slope species (LS, 2.3%, mainly at a depth greater than 2000 m) (
Seven brachyuran benthic species seem to occur in waters of the Canary Islands at the shallowest depth ever recorded elsewhere:
Zoogeographic considerations
To describe for the first time the different components of the brachyuran fauna, all the Canarian brachyuran crabs listed herein (132 species) are grouped by biogeographic pattern in
Species’ biogeographic pattern | All Canarian brachyuran (132 species, depth 0 - >2000 m) | Littoral and upper bathyal benthic (123 species, depth 0-300 m) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
Atlanto-Mediterranean (ATLM) | 39 | 29.5 | 39 | 31.7 |
Tropical and subtropical Eastern Atlantic (TSEA) | 28 | 21.2 | 28 | 22.8 |
Eastern Atlantic cold-temperate (EACT) | 27 | 20.5 | 21 | 17.1 |
Eastern Atlantic warm-temperate (EAWT) | 10 | 7.6 | 10 | 8.1 |
Eastern Atlantic of wide distribution (EAWD) | 6 | 4.5 | 6 | 4.9 |
Amphi-Atlantic of warm affinity (AAWA) | 5 | 3.8 | 5 | 4.1 |
Eastern-central Atlantic island (ECAI) | 5 | 3.8 | 5 | 4.1 |
Pantropical or circumtropical (PANT) | 5 | 3.8 | 4 | 3.3 |
Macaronesian (MAC) | 4 | 3.0 | 3 | 2.4 |
Cosmopolitan or worldwide (COSM) | 2 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.8 |
Amphi-Atlantic of wide distribution (AAWD) | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.8 |
The presence of one MAC endemic species,
The Canarian brachyuran crabs inhabiting the shelf and transition area between shelf and slope (123 species), i.e. those living shallower than the upper slope, at 0-300 m, are grouped by biogeographic pattern in
The presence of four ECAI species is noteworthy. 1.
The occurrence of three MAC endemics is also noteworthy. 1.
Twenty-seven brachyuran benthic species occurring in the Canary Islands currently have their southern limit of distribution in this archipelago:
Another 23 brachyuran benthic species occurring in the Canary Islands currently have their northern limit of distribution in this archipelago:
Seventy-eight brachyuran benthic species occur in both the Canary and Madeira archipelagos (including 16 species very probably present at Madeira) (
The ongoing phylogenetic studies together with the use of larval morphology are expected to bring further changes in the systematics of brachyuran decapods; these will have an impact at several taxonomic levels, from species to superfamilies. The main changes will affect new synonymizations, the split of some taxa into new species, and the erection of new genera (e.g.
Some taxa occurring in waters of the Canary Islands need an in-depth revision. As mentioned, confusion exists over the status of the
Finally, within the Xanthidae MacLeay, 1838, morphology differences and distribution of the species of genus
Although description of new brachyuran species is not expected to occur at a significant rate, an increase in the number of species from the Canary Islands is expected to result from trawling and dredging samplings, as well as from human-mediated introduction of non-native species, mainly via the following main vectors: through ballast waters, fouling, oil platforms, and release of aquarium or pet trade.
The Brachyura may be claimed to contain the highest degree of diversity among decapod crustaceans and include both crab species with an important role in trophic webs and others of commercial interest (
Several deep-water crab species, such as
The Canarian population of
A panel of experts in marine organism reproduction proposed the implementation of a minimum landing size (MLS, in cm carapace length) for the following harvested or fished crab species:
Thanks are due to the reputed carcinologists Drs C.H.J.M. Fransen, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz, J.E. García-Raso, J.I. González-Gordillo, and P. Wirtz for helping us in the identification of some specimens and/or sending scientific articles and literature of restricted use. Special thanks to the referees (Prof. Dr García-Raso and another anonymous one) for improving the manuscript. We express our gratitude to I.J. Lozano, J.M. Hernández Otero, J.I. Santana, M. Biscoito (MMF), E. Santaella, J.A. Quiles, R. Herrera, F. Espino, R. Triay-Portella (he also helped me with the map), J.G. Pajuelo, J.M. Lorenzo, J.M. Landeira, F. Tuya, N.E. González, M. Freitas, R. Araújo (MMF), F. Hernández (TFMC), A. de Vera (TFMC), A. Telle, A. Boyra, C. Fernández, J.J. Torres and R. Herrero for their assistance on board/in the laboratory and/or for providing specimens, bibliography and/or information. Some specimens and their related data were taken from our research projects DGXIV/C/1 94/034 (European Commission), CAMARON and AQUACRU (Canary Is. Government), PESCPROF 1-3 (EU PIC Interreg IIIB 2000-2006, MAC/4.2/M12, 03/MAC/4.2/M8, 05/MAC/4.2/M11), REDECA (Spanish Government, CTM2005-07712-C03/MAR) and MARPROF (EU PCT MAC 2007-2013, MAC/2/M065).